Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,241 listings
  • $31,988
    great price
    $2,867 below market
    • 43,057 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Perillo BMW (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 122 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Premium Package 2,Ambient Lighting,Active Driving Assistant,Apple CarPlay/Android Auto Compatibility,WiFi Hotspot,Active Blind Spot Detection,Lane Dep...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP03N9L73187
    Stock: P27314
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • $29,990
    great price
    $2,580 below market
    • 48,180 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Unlimited Motors Westfield (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westfield, IN / 198 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Navigation, Back Up Camera, Bluetooth, Panoramic Roof, Heated Seats, Touch Screen, Blind Spot, Heated Steering Wheel, Apple Play, X3 xDrive30i, 4D Spo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP05N9J62122
    Stock: STKJ62122
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

    • 70,480 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,051 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Departure Warning,Navigation System,Satellite R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY3C05L9D09984
    Stock: L9D09984P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $29,593
    good price
    $2,932 below market
    • 25,593 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Chicago (124 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 124 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    *Mercedes-Benz of Chicago does not reserve, or hold advertised vehicles, all are subject to prior sale on a first come first serve basis. Customer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY5C08L9B70543
    Stock: M26189A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $34,998
    good price
    $1,697 below market
    • 39,615 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Brookfield (129 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 129 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    **Connected Package Pro, M Sport Package 2 (Aerodynamic Kit, M Steering Wheel, Roof Rails in High-Gloss Shadowline, Shadowline Exterior Trim, Smoke Gr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP09N9M09898
    Stock: 28044A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • $25,980
    good price
    $2,840 below market
    • 61,958 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Schererville (134 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schererville, IN / 134 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Recent Arrival! 8-Speed Automatic.Adventure awaits in our 2020 BMW X3 xDrive30i with the Convenience, M Sport and Driving Assistance Packages that shi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY5C07L9B93117
    Stock: 25636A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $26,500
    great price
    $2,261 below market
    • 56,371 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Unlimited Motors Noblesville (197 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 197 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    4x4, AWD, Back Up Camera, Bluetooth, Heated Seats, Navigation/GPS, Panoramic Roof, and much more ..., Touch Screen, X3 M40i, 4D Sport Utility, I6, 8-S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTS3C53J0Y97864
    Stock: STKY97864
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,500
    fair price
    $154 below market
    • 39,493 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarWise Gurnee (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 123 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    ** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Backup Camera, ** Blind Spot Monitor, ** Bluetooth, Hands Free, ** Brake Assist, ** Cruise Control, ** Heated Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP05N9N22215
    Stock: GM27213U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $36,250
    good price
    $1,431 below market
    • 13,705 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Napleton's Valley Hyundai (153 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Aurora, IL / 153 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    One Owner, Clean Car Fax, 2022 BMW X3 xDrive30i in Jet Black, 8-Speed Automatic Sport, 12 Speakers, 3.385 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP0XN9M98543
    Stock: H25281A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • $27,998
    good price
    $2,678 below market
    • 20,503 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Victorville, CA / 1,792 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY3C05L9B15021
    Stock: 26871828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $39,699
    good price
    $1,784 below market
    • 19,387 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Orland Park (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Orland Park, IL / 145 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    2022 BMW X3 xDrive30i Odometer is 14352 miles below market average! ACTIVE BLIND SPOT DETECTION, APPLE CARPLAY COMPATIBILITY, COMFORT ACCESS, FOLD REA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP02N9N20924
    Stock: 8939X
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $36,888
    good price
    $1,312 below market
    • 14,636 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Perillo BMW (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 122 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX57DP04NN161236
    Stock: B47833A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,709 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 923 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY3C07L9C73067
    Stock: 2003723977
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $33,999
    good price
    $2,025 below market
    • 28,197 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Honda on Grand (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 135 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX53DP0XN9K72101
    Stock: 50580A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,745 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in El Paso, TX / 1,367 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY5C04LLT37349
    Stock: 26442382
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,590
    fair price
    $1,189 below market
    • 56,424 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,564 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY3C06L9D68154
    Stock: 2003594813
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,745
    fair price
    $1,193 below market
    • 31,615 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bergstrom Auto (165 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 165 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    2022 BMW X3 M40i AWD Black Sapphire Metallic 8-Speed Automatic Sport I6 8-Speed Automatic Sport, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Active Park Distance Co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX83DP06N9M46727
    Stock: 257354B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,490
    good price
    $2,744 below market
    • 50,337 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 613 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Navigation ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY5C00L9B80547
    Stock: S9Z97933TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,494
    good price
    $1,073 below market
    • 73,761 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Porsche Milwaukee North (118 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 118 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Clean Carfax, Dealer Maintained, Experience the luxury and performance of the 2020 BMW X3 xDrive30i with a stunning Phytonic Blue Metallic exterior an...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY5C03L9B93664
    Stock: P93664
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • $33,997
    fair price
    $222 below market
    • 18,560 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Perillo BMW (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 122 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTS3C51J0Y98396
    Stock: B47912A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $25,998
    fair price
    $399 below market
    • 52,569 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lithia Springs, GA / 630 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTY5C03L9D06433
    Stock: 27032280
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 43 - 63 out of 1,241 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X3

Read recent reviews for the BMW X3
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars51 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 51 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (10%)
  • 1 star
    (20%)
1 out of 5 stars

Lemon

Dan, 11/22/2020
2020 BMW X3 xDrive30i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
Got a 2020 X3 xdrive 30i earlier this year, but this car gave us nothing but problems since the first day. Had issues with misaligned lights, brakes, iDrive, excessive vibration, tailgate randomly opening...the list goes on. BMW said "we stand by our products" but refused to do anything about it. Will have to pursue a lemon law claim.
Report abuse

Used 2022 BMW X3 in Grand Rapids, MI Values

Estimated values
2022 BMW X3 xDrive30i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$25,778$27,745$29,799
Clean$25,434$27,361$29,370
Average$24,862$26,721$28,656
Rough$24,118$25,888$27,728

The average list price of a used 2022 BMW X3 in Grand Rapids, Michigan is $30,585. The average mileage on a used BMW X3 2022 for sale in Grand Rapids, Michigan is 40,043. Based on the average mileage of 40,043 for used 2022 BMW X3 for sale in Grand Rapids, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X3 2022 in Grand Rapids, Michigan to be $24,862.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.