Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,436 listings
  • $23,998
    fair price
    $139 below market
    • 41,540 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • RiverBend Ford (216 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bainbridge, GA / 216 miles away from Mobile, AL

    2021 Mazda Mazda3 Premium Plus 4D Hatchback, I4, 6-Speed Automatic, AWD, Jet Black Mica, Red Leather, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, AppLink/Apple CarPlay and...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBNY0M1401255
    Stock: N7387A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $19,991
    good price
    $705 below market
    • 28,470 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Jenkins Genesis of Leesburg (404 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, FL / 404 miles away from Mobile, AL

    The price does not include tax, tag, license, an electronic filing fee of $449.00**, a private tag agency fee of $199.00**, and a predelivery service ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM4PM354859
    Stock: 33P1045A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,590
    fair price
    $7 below market
    • 34,505 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Tampa (392 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 392 miles away from Mobile, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBJY9P1622590
    Stock: 2003679137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 14,661 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Big Star Hyundai (425 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Friendswood, TX / 425 miles away from Mobile, AL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Certification Program Details: This Vehicle has passed a rigorous 151 point inspection and has passed emissions and safet...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPBEY3PM368269
    Stock: M368269P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,594
    good price
    $1,339 below market
    • 65,810 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Jim Ellis Mazda of Marietta (309 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 309 miles away from Mobile, AL

    Certified. Snowflake White Pearl Mica 2021 Mazda Mazda3 Preferred FWD 6-Speed Automatic I4 Mazda Certified Pre-Owned Certified, MOONROOF, BACKUP CAMER...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACLXMM250832
    Stock: G14072
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • $11,107
    good price
    $859 below market
    • 93,692 miles
    • 4 accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Modern Corp Auto Sales (474 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 474 miles away from Mobile, AL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBN1V78HM116008
    Stock: M8225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,492
    fair price
    • 28,187 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Team Gillman Mazda (435 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 435 miles away from Mobile, AL

    Snowflake White Pearl Mica 2023 Mazda Mazda3 2.5 S Select Package FWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 191hp Let us know if you would l...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM8PM371146
    Stock: M250516A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,590
    good price
    $1,185 below market
    • 57,089 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Tampa (392 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 392 miles away from Mobile, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BM1W35F1231810
    Stock: 2003838070
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,990
    fair price
    $254 above market
    • 27,687 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,765 miles away from Mobile, AL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBN1U73HM124177
    Stock: 2003779845
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,710
    fair price
    $428 above market
    • 14,237 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Cox Mazda (404 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Bradenton, FL / 404 miles away from Mobile, AL

    9**-7**-2***, 8 Speakers, AppLink/Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Auto High-beam Headlights, Delay-off headlights, Fully automatic headlights, Power d...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABL0MM250114
    Stock: MX55549B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • $21,698
    fair price
    $708 above market
    • 48,400 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Roswell (322 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 322 miles away from Mobile, AL

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALM5P1609615
    Stock: 7VN4P5
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $13,500
    fair price
    $772 below market
    • 65,000 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Peach Auto Sales (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 310 miles away from Mobile, AL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBN1V75HM151623
    Stock: 11254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $23,000
    good price
    $1,321 below market
    • 38,649 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Merit Auto Group (394 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 394 miles away from Mobile, AL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBNY8M1312761
    Stock: 5483
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $18,900
    good price
    • 57,603 miles
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Big Star Ford (438 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manvel, TX / 438 miles away from Mobile, AL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Big Star Ford is pumped up to offer this outstanding-looking 2023 Mazda Mazda3. Platinum Quartz Metallic 2.5 S Select Package FWD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM5PM361268
    Stock: PM361268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $16,998
    fair price
    $1,056 above market
    • 37,424 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Tampa (388 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 388 miles away from Mobile, AL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BM1L72F1273911
    Stock: 26169199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $18,477
    fair price
    $137 above market
    • 39,776 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Honda of Sarasota (416 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 416 miles away from Mobile, AL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBN1M34HM144077
    Stock: M144077
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • $17,988
    fair price
    $47 below market
    • 32,426 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Georgia Import Auto (330 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 330 miles away from Mobile, AL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPAAL0MM204297
    Stock: 204297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $26,277
    fair price
    $39 above market
    • 22,927 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Ocean Mazda Roswell (323 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 323 miles away from Mobile, AL

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Jet Black Mica 2023 Mazda Mazda3 2.5 Turbo I4 6-Speed Automatic AWD Mazda Certified Pre-Owned Certified, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBJY8P1621091
    Stock: S1234034A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $18,990
    fair price
    $1,123 above market
    • 43,511 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Georgia Auto World (311 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 311 miles away from Mobile, AL

    ***NEW ARRIVAL***1 OWNER***CLEAN CARFAX***NO ACCIDENTS REPORTED***EXCELLENT CONDITION***LOW MILES***GOOD TIRES***GOOD BRAKES***POWER LEATHER SEATS***P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAKL4M1403321
    Stock: 403321
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,995
    fair price
    $216 above market
    • 56,023 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Cars Konnect (389 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 389 miles away from Mobile, AL

    !!!DON'T WAIT TILL IS GONE - . We Advertised Special Offer is subject to change without notice and cannot be combine with any other offer .Not respons...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBN1V77HM124374
    Stock: 4374
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $20,398
    fair price
    $371 above market
    • 52,148 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Tallahassee (227 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 227 miles away from Mobile, AL

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM6PM358525
    Stock: 7WCB18
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

Showing 337 - 357 out of 1,436 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda 3

Read recent reviews for the Mazda 3
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (12%)
1 out of 5 stars

Brakes keep locking up. Smart Brake System defect

BP, 10/03/2020
2019 Mazda 3 Preferred 4dr Sedan AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A)
I bought this 2019 Mazda 3 AWD fOr my daughter. The “smart brake system” keeps malfunctioning. Out of nowhere, for no reason, it slams on the brakes until stopped. Picture yourself driving on a highway at highway speeds with no car in front and the car stops short with incredible force. Do you see yourself getting rear ended? It happened before the recall and it continues to happen … after the recall was completed. The car was at the dealer for 32 days last week. They can’t replicate the problem so they don’t know how to fix it. I brought it back to the dealer yesterday because it happened yet again. They just called me and said we cant duplicate it so come and get it. Nobody is permitted to drive this car because I’m afraid of an injury. I’m headed for lemon law attorney now.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Mazda 3 in Mobile, AL Values

Estimated values
2021 Mazda 3 2.5 Turbo Premium Plus 4dr Hatchback AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$22,850$24,670$26,500
Clean$22,258$24,007$25,761
Average$21,272$22,901$24,531
Rough$19,989$21,464$22,931

The average list price of a used 2021 Mazda 3 in Mobile, Alabama is $19,675. The average mileage on a used Mazda 3 2021 for sale in Mobile, Alabama is 42,846. Based on the average mileage of 42,846 for used 2021 Mazda 3 for sale in Mobile, AL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda 3 2021 in Mobile, Alabama to be $21,272.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.