Skip to FiltersReport abuse
305 listings
- $21,995good price$2,579 below market
- 94,307 miles
- 2 accidents, 2 owners, government vehicle
- 7 Seats, 27 City / 28 Hwy MPG
- InTouch Auto Outlet (61 mi away)
Close
Located in Spotsylvania Courthouse, VA / 61 miles away from Rockville, MD
*** 4WD/AWD Panoramic Sunroof A/C Seat(s) Parking Sensors Alloy Wheels Power Hatch/Deck Lid Automated Cruise Control Quad Seats Blind Spot Monitor Rea...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (27 City/28 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDCRFH7GS018044
Stock: A5242
Certified Pre-Owned: No - Price Drop$23,811fair price$136 below market
- 124,136 miles
- 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 8 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Heritage Hyundai Towson (37 mi away)
Close
Located in Towson, MD / 37 miles away from Rockville, MD
Recent Arrival! **WELL SERVICED-ONE OWNER**,**AWD**, **8 PASSENGER SEATING**, **POWER DRIVERS SEAT**, **HEATED LEATHER SEATS**, **NAVIGATION SYSTEM**,...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDJGRFH0JS041406
Stock: NU041406
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-22-2025 - $19,995great price$2,789 below market
- 95,880 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 7 Seats, 27 City / 28 Hwy MPG
- Imperial Highline (26 mi away)
Close
Located in Manassas, VA / 26 miles away from Rockville, MD
KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: All Weather Floor Mats & Cargo Liner, Attitude Black Metallic, Black, Perforated Leather Seat Trim, Carp...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (27 City/28 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDCRFH7FS007057
Stock: 07057
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 09-01-2023 - Price Drop$24,995good price$1,879 below market
- 82,000 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- J & J Auto Sales (34 mi away)
Close
Located in Westminster, MD / 34 miles away from Rockville, MD
THIS 1 OWNER NON SMOKER IS A 2017 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER HYBRID LIMITED 4X4 WITH ONLY 82000 ORIGINAL MILES. THIS ONE IS SPOTLESS IN AND OUT ON NICE MICHELI...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH2HS024551
Stock: 024551
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-10-2025 - Price Drop$31,500good price$1,527 below market
- 60,201 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Ourisman Toyota of Woodbridge (31 mi away)
Close
Located in Woodbridge, VA / 31 miles away from Rockville, MD
POWER MOONROOF / SUNROOF / POWER TILT SLIDING ROOF, NAVIGATION / GPS / NAV, BLIS / BLIND SPOT MONITORING / BLIND SIDE ALERT, DYNAMIC RADAR CRUISE CONT...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH3KS077301
Stock: A077301
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-16-2025 - New Listing$32,995good price$2,267 below market
- 41,432 miles
- 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Auto Trademark (26 mi away)
Close
Located in Manassas, VA / 26 miles away from Rockville, MD
2019 Toyota Highlander limited AWD Call 703-361-6882, 41K Miles Only, 3rd Row, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Departure Warning, Blind Spot Monitor, Hi...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH1KS075093
Stock: AT17904
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $34,700good price$1,555 below market
- 27,524 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Koons Arlington Toyota (13 mi away)
Close
Located in Arlington, VA / 13 miles away from Rockville, MD
2019 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited CarFax 1 Owner, Local Trade, Heated front seats, Perforated Leather Seat Trim, Power Liftgate, Power moonroof, R...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH9KS066237
Stock: KRT250160A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-10-2025 - Price Drop$25,990fair price$739 below market
- 92,691 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,968 miles away from Rockville, MD
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH2HS028910
Stock: 2003752153
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-29-2025 - $16,494good price$766 below market
- 170,510 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 8 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Wappingers Falls, NY / 244 miles away from Rockville, MD
CarFax 1-Owner,Green Vehicle,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leat...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDJGRFH6HS028721
Stock: 620513A
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $24,998fair price$186 above market
- 99,004 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from AZ to MD*
Close
Located in Tucson, AZ / 1,942 miles away from Rockville, MD
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH6HS026657
Stock: 26639968
Certified Pre-Owned: No - Price Drop
- 49,665 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Cincinnati, OH / 394 miles away from Rockville, MD
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH3HS021898
Stock: 2003844440
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-24-2025 - 22,245 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Frederick (3 mi away)
Close
Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 3 miles away from Rockville, MD
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH9KS069803
Stock: 27517630
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing$28,772fair price$1,455 above market
- 89,639 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 8 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
- Fair Oaks Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (21 mi away)
Close
Located in Chantilly, VA / 21 miles away from Rockville, MD
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDBGRFH8KS068813
Stock: PKS068813
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-30-2025 - $30,000great price$3,709 below market
- 82,899 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 7 Seats, 35 City / 35 Hwy MPG
- Koons Easton Toyota (63 mi away)
Close
Located in Easton, MD / 63 miles away from Rockville, MD
2020 Toyota Highlander Hybrid XLE 2020 Toyota Highlander Hybrid XLE in Midnight Black Metallic, Please call 410-822-8000 with any equipment or availab...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
35 Combined MPG (35 City/35 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDGBRCH8LS504814
Stock: KETP200095
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-25-2025 - 110,016 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Chicago, IL / 624 miles away from Rockville, MD
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH6HS024178
Stock: 2003810860
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-15-2025- New Listing
- 87,775 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from CA to MD*
Close
Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,398 miles away from Rockville, MD
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH9HS030895
Stock: 27238421
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 195,128 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Balic Autos (18 mi away)
Close
Located in Lanham, MD / 18 miles away from Rockville, MD
1 Owner 70 Service Record Clean Title Introducing the 2017 Toyota Highlander Hybrid, the perfect blend of style, performance, and efficiency. This spa...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH4HS031243
Stock: 031243
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-26-2025- New Listing
- 65,595 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from CA to MD*
Close
Located in Duarte, CA / 2,271 miles away from Rockville, MD
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH3HS022436
Stock: 27622546
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 344,830 miles
- 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Lititz Motorcar (86 mi away)
Close
Located in Lititz, PA / 86 miles away from Rockville, MD
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH7HS022536
Stock: 022536
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-28-2025- 27,490 miles
- 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from MN to MD*
Close
Located in Maplewood, MN / 911 miles away from Rockville, MD
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH4HS022011
Stock: 27411633
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing
- 52,822 miles
- 7 Seats, 29 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 1,177 miles away from Rockville, MD
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (29 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5TDDGRFH5HS028173
Stock: 2003824307
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-14-2025
Showing 1 - 21 out of 305 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Highlander Hybrid
Read recent reviews for the Toyota Highlander Hybrid
If you prefer a comfortable ride
mykecusa, 05/29/2017
2017 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited Platinum 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
The Toyota Highlander expert reviews are spot on. The car is quiet and comfortable. However I am and old grandpa and drive like one my kids say ... slow, steady and easy going. I drive 65 mph on the freeways and the posted speed limits in town. I do not, 'Jack rabbit start' only to race to the next stop sign/red light to slam on my brakes. I get an typical 25 mpg per tank full of … gasoline. I do regular servicing. The 2017 caught my attention with increased hosepower, better fuel economy and better safety features (I really like the 360 dregree camera view).
UPDATE: 12/8/2017
I really like this SUV. It is a quiet and comfortable ride. Plenty of cargo space for my service dog with 2nd row seats up for up to 3 passengers, with the dog. I have been getting 22-24 mpg with the A/C, or heater on, and 25-27 with both off. This is roughly 50-50 city-highway. The electric motor truly takes a gentle foot to stay engaged, and really is quite limited in being engaged ... maybe a mile if lucky. Learning to use it does add to the fuel economy. The ECO function is suppose to improve fuel economy in town with start ups. I used it the first 2500 miles and did not use it the last 2500 miles. I notice no difference in fuel economy and it is essentially the same type of mileage. I notice a little more acceleration with the 2017 over the 2016, but it might be more to the slight noise increase I can hear. The hybrid is spunky on acceleration if you need it.
For me, a disabled veteran, the biggest plus has been the sensors and safety features. There are 4 levels to the robotic car industry, where level 4 is fully computer managed automobile. The 2017 Highlander is level 2. It has lane monitoring and automatic correction. I have only used the auto correction feature a few times. It does take having lane lines on both sides, but it has worked for me. I'm not sure I'm ready to close my eye though. The sensor alert when I drift over a lane line is useful to me though.
Since I am blind in my left eye, the safety sensors really help. I get alerts not only if autos are on my left side, but at intersections if people are in the cross walk. The alert also works for people walking behind, or on the side of my SUV. A nice safety feature in parking lots for sure.
Everything has worked nicely and I have no complaints about the Toyota Highlander Hybrid at the time.
Update 6/2018
I'm liking this SUV more and more all the time. It takes time to learn and develop the muscle responses to best use the hybrid system. I can now effectively use the ECO and EV systems to improve my gasoline mpg. I can pretty much count on 25 mpg all around combined average (24 in Winter with heat/air, 26 in Summer with no heat/air). The camera views are a blessing for close spaces and parking. I now have 9200 miles on the vehicle, and consider it the best drive I ever bought.
Update: 12/2018
I still give this SUV an A+. I get great fuel economy for a 5,000 pound SUV. I count on averaging 25 mpg, getting as low as 22 mpg with A/C, or heater on and lots of stop and go traffic,or 30 mpg with steady highway driving. (note: I am a moderate driver, driving the posted speed limit and no quick starts and sudden stops ... easy does it)
The ride remains smooth, quiet and easy. The camera views are still A+, as well as the Dynamic Cruise Control. Absolutely no regrets buying this Toyota Hybrid SUV. Current mileage is 13,000, and I just had the 18 month maintenance service. Everything A+. The dealer has been great with the service.
I still give this SUV A+ rating. I only have 17,000 miles on it, and reviews say I can expect 300,000 if I maintain the vehicle. There have been zero problems and the 25,000 service plane provided has been easy to use. Nothing shows serious wear, and the ride remains smooth and quiet.
Update 6/13/2020
With the pandemic I have put only 260 miles on this SUV in the last 4 months. Current mileage is 19,410. Being retired has its pluses and minuses. No regrets on buying this SUV, as it is quiet, comfortable ride that is very economical (minimum servicing, fuel efficient). From what I read about Toyota reliability, my kids might be able to pass this SUV on to their kids.
Update: 12/17/2020
I have learned a negative about this hybrid. With the pandemic 90% of my driving is local city driving. Lots of drive a block, stop ... drive a block, stop type driving. Very little highway driving. The result has been very low fuel economy ... like 8, 9 mpg. I did do one 100 mile trip and return. Once again I got great mpg on it, like 28 mpg. However for basically city/local driving the SUV hybrid for a big SUV does not seem to me to be the ticket.
Update: 6/20/2021 23,000 miles
Still no regrets buying this SUV. I have had no problwms needing service. All my problems have been resolved by reading the service manuals. I have followed the manual reccomendations for servicing, borh time and component. This hybrid canget 300,000 miles if cared for.
Used 2016 Toyota Highlander Hybrid in Rockville, MD Values
Estimated values
2016 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited Platinum 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $18,464 | $23,347 | $26,798 |
| Clean | $17,668 | $22,309 | $25,570 |
| Average | $16,342 | $20,578 | $23,522 |
| Rough | $14,618 | $18,329 | $20,860 |
The average list price of a used 2016 Toyota Highlander Hybrid in Rockville, Maryland is $27,586. The average mileage on a used Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2016 for sale in Rockville, Maryland is 95,990. Based on the average mileage of 95,990 for used 2016 Toyota Highlander Hybrid for sale in Rockville, MD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2016 in Rockville, Maryland to be $16,342.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.