Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
999 listings
  • $71,000
    great price
    $12,450 below market
    • 28,510 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 12cyl automatic
    • Koons Tysons Toyota (464 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 464 miles away from Lansing, MI

    **** OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES *****B06 AMG Silver Painted Brake Calipers696 20" AMG Multispoke Forged Wheels71U Black Nappa Leather $236,675 MSRP, S 65 AM...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ7KB5GA012092
    Stock: PB50831
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $64,995
    good price
    $4,041 below market
    • 58,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 12cyl automatic
    • Cap City Motors (211 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 211 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ7KB8GA012197
    Stock: 012197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $40,500
    good price
    $10,012 below market
    • 63,859 miles
    • 1 accident, 6 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carplug of Alexandria (476 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 476 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ7JB1GA012849
    Stock: CP4297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $48,998
    good price
    $10,514 below market
    • 50,571 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax Dulles (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 452 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ7JB6GA011647
    Stock: 26527787
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,765
    good price
    $2,955 below market
    • 92,837 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Global Auto Outlet (481 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 481 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Estimated monthly payment and estimated total purchase price include the Maryland processing fee of $800 (not required by law). Taxes and additional f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB5GA276026
    Stock: 276026
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • $45,750
    fair price
    $5,895 below market
    • 54,704 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 15 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover Alexandria (474 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 474 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2016 Mercedes Benz S63 AMG 4 MATIC in a Designo Diamond White Metallic exterior and a Black interior with options like the Exclusive Napa Leather inte...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG7JB4GA275774
    Stock: T13946P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $29,786
    good price
    $3,834 below market
    • 92,252 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Royal Auto Club (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 451 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ8FB2GA016021
    Stock: SAI3040
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,500
    fair price
    $972 below market
    • 109,975 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Power Motors (476 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Halethorpe, MD / 476 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Introducing the luxurious and powerful 2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 550 4MATIC. This stunning sedan is the epitome of sophistication and performance, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB9GA251632
    Stock: A251632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,995
    good price
    $1,967 below market
    • 89,215 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarVault of Waldorf (491 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 491 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Visit CarVault of Waldorf to shop our great deals. You can call 240-607-9909 to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FBXGA269542
    Stock: CVL2039
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $46,500
    fair price
    $1,297 below market
    • 70,622 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Twins Auto of Dublin (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 196 miles away from Lansing, MI

    YOU ALWAYS WIN AT TWINS OF DUBLIN.2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 63 AMG® 4MATIC® **PANORAMIC ROOF**, **NAVIGATION**, **USB PORTS**, **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ7JB9GA017586
    Stock: D4132
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2025

  • $38,800
    fair price
    $533 below market
    • 56,473 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Twins Auto of Dublin (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 196 miles away from Lansing, MI

    YOU ALWAYS WIN AT TWINS OF DUBLIN.2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 550 4MATIC® **PANORAMIC ROOF**, **NAVIGATION**, **USB PORTS**, **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**, **...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ8FB1GA016933
    Stock: D4356
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $31,950
    good price
    $1,838 below market
    • 39,065 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Rizza Buick GMC (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 185 miles away from Lansing, MI

    4MATIC®, Leather.Odometer is 49592 miles below market average! 16/26 City/Highway MPGWe price all of our vehicles at or below fair market value making...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB6GA215784
    Stock: 23839T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,991
    fair price
    $1,225 above market
    • 81,859 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Fort Wayne (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 122 miles away from Lansing, MI

    This Mercedes Benz S550 4-Matic was a trade in at our facility. It has a clean Carfax, with no history of any accidents. This S Class is well equipped...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB1GA206961
    Stock: ML464
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,590
    fair price
    $993 above market
    • 46,602 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Washington DC (484 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Washington, DC / 484 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB3GA218934
    Stock: 2003748473
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 17,711 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Merlex Auto Group (471 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 471 miles away from Lansing, MI

    This vehicle is subject to prior sale. The pricing, equipment, specifications, and photos presented are believed to be accurate, but are provided \\AS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB6GA261163
    Stock: 261163
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 11,755 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cleveland (169 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 169 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ8FB2GA014298
    Stock: 2003771774
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • $18,163
    great price
    $5,079 below market
    • 105,912 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carget Motors (475 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 475 miles away from Lansing, MI

    The 2015 Mercedes-Benz S550 is a paragon of luxury and performance, seamlessly blending sophisticated design with state-of-the-art technology. This fl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8CB3FA117993
    Stock: 117993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-09-2025

  • $28,295
    fair price
    $412 above market
    • 78,565 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • R21 Motorsports (201 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Canal Fulton, OH / 201 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Make sure to ask us about our super simple financing process! We offer awesome extended service contracts, nationwide shipping and even remote purchas...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB4GA271500
    Stock: D1653
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 45,013 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carplug of Alexandria (476 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 476 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDXJ7JB2GA012861
    Stock: CP4151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,444
    great price
    $7,388 below market
    • 105,618 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, taxi vehicle
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Buying Service (466 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 466 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8CB5HA327370
    Stock: ABS7883
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,426
    great price
    $4,249 below market
    • 107,380 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarPlug (479 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 479 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8CB7HA319058
    Stock: AC3674
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 999 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz S-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz S-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars54 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 54 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (17%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

The Epitome Of Understated Luxury

chofgarden, 12/31/2014
2015 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 550 4dr Sedan (4.7L 8cyl Turbo 7A)
After several thousand miles in a 2015 S550 it would be hard to imagine a more well rounded or comfortable luxury sedan. Performance with the 449HP V8 is more than adequate for any circumstance, and handling is better than one might expect given the size and weight of the car, especially when in the sport mode. The ride is remarkable over any surface and the noise level is lower than … any luxury car I've owned, including a Bentley Flying Spur. Mileage is runnning about 20 MPG in combination town and highway driving, getting 25+ on the highway. The technology features abound but are subtle enough not to intrude excessively, and aren't difficult to master. Not one problem so far. A home run Update- After almost 4 years we still love the S550 and have had 0 problems. Supremely comfortable. Great road trip car, getting 27 mpg on the highway. Still outclasses the competition, would buy again with no regrets. Update 2- Approaching 5 years of ownership now and we still LOVE our S550. Still no problems in over 40000 miles. We will continue to drive it for a few more years, as there's still nothing better out there. Best car we've ever owned. Update 3- With over 6 years and 50000 miles, still no problems. Love it more than ever and it's still better than the new competition. Update 4- Approaching 8 years with over 60000 miles. Still reliable and comfortable as ever. We like it so much we intend to drive it a few more years. We looked at the new S Class and prefer the styling of our 2015 and don't need most of the new gimmicky technology. A GREAT car!
Report abuse

Used 2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Lansing, MI Values

Estimated values
2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 65 AMG 2dr Coupe (6.0L 12cyl Turbo 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$61,848$65,336$67,900
Clean$59,377$62,600$64,927
Average$55,258$58,038$59,970
Rough$49,904$52,109$53,527

The average list price of a used 2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Lansing, Michigan is $36,319. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz S-Class 2016 for sale in Lansing, Michigan is 66,976. Based on the average mileage of 66,976 for used 2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class for sale in Lansing, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz S-Class 2016 in Lansing, Michigan to be $55,258.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.