Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,934 listings
  • Price Drop
    $16,599
    fair price
    $19 below market
    • 83,454 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Affordable Automotive Sales (358 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hattiesburg, MS / 358 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB2JT441817
    Stock: 441817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 68,714 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 980 miles away from Tyler, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB3JT266947
    Stock: 2003629946
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $536 above market
    • 136,401 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Government Fleet Sales (472 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 472 miles away from Tyler, TX

    FINANCING FOR GOOD & BAD CREDIT WARRANTIES TRADE INS WELCOME NATIOWWIDE DELIVERY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCCB8JT358761
    Stock: 358761
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 87,422 miles
    • Odometer issue reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Automania (100 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 100 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCCB8JT228723
    Stock: 228723
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 66,425 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • McCombs Superior Hyundai (276 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 276 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB4JT454374
    Stock: T51447C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $19,995
    fair price
    $732 above market
    • 63,108 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Sterling Chrysler Jeep Dodge RAM (228 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Opelousas, LA / 228 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CARFAX 1-Owner, LOW MILES - 63,108! EPA 31 MPG Hwy/22 MPG City! iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Back-Up Camera, TRANSMISSION: 6-SPEED AISIN F21-250 G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB8LT150853
    Stock: 250297A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    • 53,650 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Classic Leasing (105 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 105 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCCB5JT495284
    Stock: JT495284
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 93,510 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Waxahachie Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (91 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Waxahachie, TX / 91 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Billet Silver Metallic Clearcoat 2020 Jeep Compass Trailhawk 2.4L I4 4WD 9-Speed 948TE Automatic 4WD.2 Years Free Oil Changes. Recent Arrival! 22/30...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB7LT111786
    Stock: PF14210
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 107,919 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dallas Lease Returns (98 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 98 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB0JT494738
    Stock: JT494738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 66,111 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Texas Car One (102 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 102 miles away from Tyler, TX

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE Extended service contract is available. Highlighted features on this vehicle:2018 Jeep Compass LATITUDE Only 66111 Miles9 SPEED AUT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB2JT252264
    Stock: P252264
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

    • 91,175 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Southfork Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Manvel, TX / 193 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB7JT456512
    Stock: JT456512A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-14-2025

  • $16,475
    fair price
    $175 below market
    • 80,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Shields Motor Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (370 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chanute, KS / 370 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB5JT395953
    Stock: X08010
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • $15,778
    fair price
    $223 above market
    • 73,551 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Noller Lawrence Ford (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lawrence, KS / 457 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB2JT398227
    Stock: 1PL7433
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

    • 45,457 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Texas Izi Auto (177 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 177 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB5JT135775
    Stock: 135775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,784
    fair price
    $14 below market
    • 79,622 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Crain Hyundai of Fort Smith (214 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fort Smith, AR / 214 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCCB4JT406529
    Stock: 5HY6198A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Photos not available
    $12,900
    fair price
    $446 above market
    • 130,562 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Seminole Ford (216 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Seminole, OK / 216 miles away from Tyler, TX

    2018 Jeep Compass Limited CLEAN CARFAX, LOCAL TRADE, SUNROOF, LEATHER SEATS, BLUETOOTH, REAR VIEW CAMERA, KEYLESS ENTRY. 2.4L I4 FWD 22/31 City/Highwa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCCB7JT376846
    Stock: 45016A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • Photos not available
    $17,998
    fair price
    $299 above market
    • 81,897 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lonnie Cobb Ford (437 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Henderson, TN / 437 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDBXJT410315
    Stock: 325F00A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 91,930 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Safeen Motors (88 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 88 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCAB5JT123124
    Stock: 16938
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 11,832 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Chuck Stevens Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (454 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Bay Minette, AL / 454 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Welcome to Chuck Stevens Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram Fiat located on HWY 31 South, Bay Minette Alabama. We are home of The Warranty Forever, a Lifetime Po...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB1JT137648
    Stock: DU137648
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-18-2025

  • Photos not available
    $10,999
    fair price
    $477 above market
    • 130,981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • K&R Used Cars (318 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Forrest City, AR / 318 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCAB9JT233366
    Stock: 233366
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $14,775
    fair price
    $141 above market
    • 76,861 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Barnes Crossing Chevrolet GMC (392 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in New Albany, MS / 392 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Vehicle DetailsGet ready to embark on your next adventure with this dynamic 2018 Jeep Compass Latitude! This versatile SUV is the perfect companion fo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB3JT186575
    Stock: 7030A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

Showing 547 - 567 out of 2,934 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Compass

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Compass
Overall Consumer Rating
2.9 out of 5 stars54 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 54 reviews
  • 5 star
    (22%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (17%)
  • 1 star
    (30%)
4 out of 5 stars

I like it. It's not perfect but,

Glen Nelson, 02/14/2016
2016 Jeep Compass Sport SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.4L 4cyl 6A)
I have owned many vehicles from a lot of manufacturers and purchased all of them new. The Compass isn't the best or the worst, and it certainly has its place. The intended use is for a 25 mile commute 1 way, grocery getter, utility vehicle. It is intended to replace a Toyota Camry which has been less than stellar. The Compass is a small, fun to drive mini SUV that is agile in town. It … has decent power for me and I am quite comfortable at 6' in it. It was purchased completely based on sales price and my previous Chrysler vehicles ownership experience. I bought a 2016 4X4 6-speed auto Sport w/AC and minimal options. Price before TTL was $15,985. Please note the vehicle is 1 month old with 900 miles on it so things can and will change. Pros- Price, maneuverability, u-connect, steering feedback, transmission, handling, control layout, lower body protection, towing ability, cost of parts when needed, availability if neat accessories to add. Cons- Shifter, cramped back seat, front fender design, visibility, safety stars given, small gas tank, As a hard core DIY'er, parts pricing and availability are important. Parts are cheaper for this than other cars I have. It uses non synthetic oil and is very basic as far as service goes, helping to reduce ownership costs. The Compass has an autostick transaxle which means it paddle shifts with the shifter. This is my biggest complaint as I like to drive with my hand on the shifter. You can't lock this feature out. The Compass is a unibody and gains rigidity from all body panels being tied together. The front fenders have no top connection to the inner fender well that I can see. A small rear window combined with large piller posts limits visibility. (My 2nd biggest complaint) - a rear view camera is on the horizon for this shortcoming. Gas here is $1.95 right now and I filled the tank for $24! When was the last time anyone did that! 13 gallons will get you ~290 miles of mixed driving. I am not a lead foot. I anticipate mileage will get better as miles increase- its about 24 right now. Drive safe. Updated 2/15/2017 now have 11,000 miles+- This little Jeep has exceeded my expectations. I have driven it at work on some very muddy land (no roads) and it has yet to get stuck, even up steep hills . The off road ability has been superb! Gas mileage has increased a bit too, additional 2MPG. No shakes or rattles have been noticed and no warranty service has been needed. I have installed an alarm with power door locks, nice Jeep seat covers, a cargo mat, rear cargo cover and additional 12 volt outlet in backseat console. This vehicle gets bad reviews and I don't know why. It has performed flawless for me. ...very impressed. Update 2/18/2019 Update 8/22/2019 still happy with vehicle, will need new tires before winter I still have the Compass with over 30K miles. I still like this vehicle and everything I have said prior is still is true. No problems to report. 2/25/21 now at 50K, no problems to report. Put larger (next size up) all terrain tires, a bit noisy nut expected. It is very nimble, in and out of tight places.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Jeep Compass in Tyler, TX Values

Estimated values
2018 Jeep Compass Trailhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (2.4L 4cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$12,120$15,009$17,383
Clean$11,697$14,479$16,762
Average$10,991$13,595$15,726
Rough$10,074$12,446$14,380

The average list price of a used 2018 Jeep Compass in Tyler, Texas is $15,602. The average mileage on a used Jeep Compass 2018 for sale in Tyler, Texas is 81,932. Based on the average mileage of 81,932 for used 2018 Jeep Compass for sale in Tyler, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Compass 2018 in Tyler, Texas to be $10,991.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.