Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,207 listings
  • $14,995
    fair price
    $667 below market
    • 90,353 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • BMW of Fremont (79 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 79 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    Transmission: 6-Speed Selectshift AutomaticEquipment Group 051ASpare Wheel & TireKeyless StartRear SpoilerCalifornia Emissions SystemEbony; Clot...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8AM1F5396849
    Stock: F5396849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • $11,999
    good price
    $887 below market
    • 137,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CONTRA COSTA AUTO SALES INC (65 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Oakley, CA / 65 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8EM5F5419255
    Stock: 13422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 93,073 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Carvana - Sacramento (72 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 72 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF9F5392028
    Stock: 2003913635
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • $12,998
    fair price
    $12 above market
    • 131,626 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Approved Autos (72 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 72 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH5F5371386
    Stock: AA2960
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    Special offers available

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 8 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
  • Price Drop
    • 69,466 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Future Ford of Sacramento (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 77 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    For Sale: 2015 Ford Mustang GT Premium Convertible Low Miles | 5.0L V8 | Loaded with Features!Own the legend. This 2015 Ford Mustang GT Premium Con...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8FF9F5379231
    Stock: P19105
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,850
    fair price
    $131 above market
    • 124,620 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Motor Team (67 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 67 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF8F5366570
    Stock: 942
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 133,660 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Michellin Motors (67 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 67 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8EM6F5427316
    Stock: 427316
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 79,001 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Premier Motors (68 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 68 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF4F5429633
    Stock: 11802
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    Special offers available

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 8 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
  • $13,299
    fair price
    $268 below market
    • 130,326 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Capitol GMC (95 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 95 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    This DGDG Value 2016 Ford Mustang EcoBoost with 130,326 miles was inspected and reconditioned by our service team. Reconditioned items on this Mustang...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8THXG5238107
    Stock: B13668B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 15,283 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Marin Luxury Cars (39 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Corte Madera, CA / 39 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    This *2016 Ford Mustang Shelby GT-H is #167 of 171* examples modified by Shelby American for sale to Hertz and currently shows 15,188 miles. The car i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF8G5307276
    Stock: P9362
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

    • 61,896 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Sacramento South (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 73 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH5G5257356
    Stock: 27458106
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 95,798 miles
    • No accidents, 7 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Stevens Creek Nissan (89 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Santa Clara, CA / 89 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    Recent Arrival! *LOCAL TRADE IN*, *CLEAN HISTORY REPORT!*, *LIKE NEW, SUPER CLEAN, ALMOST NEW*, *SEVICE RECORDS AVAILABLE!*, Mustang V6 Premium.2014 F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1ZVBP8EM3E5214714
    Stock: 56052PA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • Advertisement

    Special offers available

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 8 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
  • Price Drop
    • 85,344 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Sacramento (72 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 72 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8FF3G5291938
    Stock: 2003882547
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • $19,999
    fair price
    $1,262 below market
    • 101,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • CONTRA COSTA AUTO SALES INC (65 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oakley, CA / 65 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1ZVBP8CF6E5333863
    Stock: 13367
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $9,999
    good price
    $1,175 below market
    • 116,125 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Autoamore (73 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 73 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1ZVBP8AM8E5201222
    Stock: 5171
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $37,590
    fair price
    $86 above market
    • 4,784 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,113 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF3F5299392
    Stock: 2003825746
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Advertisement

    Special offers available

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 8 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 4 Packages
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
  • Price Drop
    $11,991
    fair price
    $226 below market
    • 100,115 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Manic Motors Brentwood (67 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Brentwood, CA / 67 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1ZVBP8EM6E5306674
    Stock: 306674P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 86,023 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Future Ford of Sacramento (77 mi away)
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 77 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1ZVBP8FF0E5210233
    Stock: SP37755
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • $20,800
    fair price
    $393 above market
    • 99,150 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Motor Team (67 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 67 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1ZVBP8CF2E5233761
    Stock: 938
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,588
    fair price
    $365 below market
    • 86,794 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Thrifty Car Sales Sacramento (72 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 72 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH7G5272022
    Stock: S22922
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $26,000
    great price
    $3,516 below market
    • 50,000 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Prestige Auto Group (73 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 73 miles away from Santa Rosa, CA

    About 2015 Ford Mustang The all-new 2015 Ford Mustang features a significant amount of innovative technologies providing drivers with enhanced informa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF6F5371024
    Stock: 371024
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,207 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Mustang

Read recent reviews for the Ford Mustang
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars98 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 98 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

love this car

john dragoo, 03/02/2015
2015 Ford Mustang EcoBoost 2dr Coupe (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
I have had my mustang for 2 months now. This is a home run. I get 25 MG in city driving on premium fuel. I had a V6 2012 and there is no comparison. I drive it in sport mode and there is plenty of pep. Love the premium interior. Can,t believe I got so much car for 31K.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Ford Mustang in Santa Rosa, CA Values

Estimated values
2015 Ford Mustang V6 2dr Coupe (3.7L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,312$11,231$12,527
Clean$8,923$10,722$11,915
Average$8,276$9,874$10,895
Rough$7,435$8,771$9,570

The average list price of a used 2015 Ford Mustang in Santa Rosa, California is $21,582. The average mileage on a used Ford Mustang 2015 for sale in Santa Rosa, California is 90,068. Based on the average mileage of 90,068 for used 2015 Ford Mustang for sale in Santa Rosa, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Mustang 2015 in Santa Rosa, California to be $8,276.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.