Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
718 listings
  • New Listing
    $14,199
    fair price
    $105 above market
    • 58,268 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in New Rochelle, NY / 656 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SAXNC017798
    Stock: 7VV2R4
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 19,069 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Burford Chevrolet (419 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, KY / 419 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA0NC031774
    Stock: 9797T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 11,560 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Daniels Chevrolet (139 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Swainsboro, GA / 139 miles away from Charleston, SC

    $731 below KBB Retail! Only 11,560 Miles! Boasts 38 Highway MPG and 30 City MPG! This Chevrolet Spark has a trusty Gas I4 1.4L/85 engine powering this...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA9NC007280
    Stock: 222611A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $17,998
    fair price
    $118 above market
    • 10,561 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to SC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,444 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA9NC023950
    Stock: 27129637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 4,720 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Gilbert and Baugh Ford (377 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Albertville, AL / 377 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Crimson Metallic 2022 Chevrolet Spark 2LT FWD 5-Speed Manual 1.4L DOHC This Vehicle Includes the Following Features...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CE6SA9NC023704
    Stock: TR351B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

    • 52,993 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Luxor Motors Miami (470 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Hollywood, FL / 470 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2022 CHEVROLET SPARK LS COMPACT, EFFICIENT & CITY-READY Perfect city car! Super fuel efficient, cold A/C, backup camera, smooth drive, and easy to par...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA4NC023344
    Stock: N023344
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

    • 40,347 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Rick Hendrick City Chevrolet (172 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 172 miles away from Charleston, SC

    PRICED TO MOVE $1,200 below J.D. Power Retail!, FUEL EFFICIENT 38 MPG Hwy/30 MPG City! CARFAX 1-Owner, Excellent Condition, Hendrick Certified, ONLY 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA2NC013616
    Stock: S69072A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 22,484 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 608 miles away from Charleston, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CE6SAXNC011996
    Stock: 2003822977
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 28,134 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to SC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,838 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA8NC027472
    Stock: 27492081
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 29,510 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 608 miles away from Charleston, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA8NC023122
    Stock: 2003838219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,213
    fair price
    $147 above market
    • 52,968 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Rod Hatfield Used Car Factory (439 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Nicholasville, KY / 439 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA7NC013319
    Stock: PF5416
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 86,663 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 37 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Fayetteville Acura (166 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, NC / 166 miles away from Charleston, SC

    3.91 Final Drive Axle Ratio, 6-Speaker Audio System Feature, Black Front & Rear Bumpers, Black Rocker Moldings, Body-Color Manual Folding Heated Outsi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CG6SAXNC016934
    Stock: FANC016934
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-10-2024

    • 33,158 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to SC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Kenner, LA / 637 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CE6SA4NC031080
    Stock: 26951415
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 16,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Ramey Automotive Richlands (315 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richlands, VA / 315 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2022 Chevrolet Spark 1LT Nightfall Gray Metallic 1.4L DOHC CVT FWD CARFAX One-Owner.Spark 1LT, 4D Hatchback, 1.4L DOHC, CVT, FWD, Nightfall Gray Metal...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA0NC033931
    Stock: P9692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 45,820 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to SC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Glencoe, IL / 773 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SAXNC013444
    Stock: 27328544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 326 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • DJA Autos Center (311 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 311 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA0NC034433
    Stock: 034433
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 22,087 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Greenville Motor (396 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Greenville, AL / 396 miles away from Charleston, SC

    SummaryThis 2022 Chevrolet Spark with 22,087 miles comes with our Guaranteed Lifetime Powertrain Warranty at NO additional Cost. Unlimited Miles - No ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SAXNC034445
    Stock: 119535A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 51,569 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in East Petersburg, PA / 542 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA6NC014641
    Stock: 7VPT34
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 58,743 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Long-Lewis of Alabaster (399 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Alabaster, AL / 399 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2022 Chevy Spark 1LT Big Tech in a Smart, Efficient Package!Now Available at Long-Lewis of AlabasterLooking for a fuel-efficient, tech-loaded commuter...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SAXNC011113
    Stock: AA0820
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 57,842 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Milton Martin Toyota (246 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, GA / 246 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. 2022 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 1.4L DOHC CVT FWDThis 2022 Chevrolet Spark 1LT is beautifully finished in Crimson. Highlight fe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA2NC013292
    Stock: P6959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,994 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Chiefland Ford (286 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Chiefland, FL / 286 miles away from Charleston, SC

    WHEELS, 15" (38.1 CM) ALUMINUM (STD), TRANSMISSION, CONTINUOUS VARIABLE (CVT) (STD), SEATS, FRONT HIGH-BACK BUCKET (STD), NIGHTFALL GRAY (Metallic pai...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA8NC016066
    Stock: 3016066B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-08-2023

Showing 694 - 714 out of 718 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Spark

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Spark
Overall Consumer Rating
3.1 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (26%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (20%)
  • 1 star
    (24%)
2 out of 5 stars

The little red clown car!

Billy Cowan, 07/27/2016
2014 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4dr Hatchback (1.2L 4cyl CVT)
I kind of compared this to a classic Prius(01) I drove for 10 years. The acceleration is not great, the VCT works well but you have to learn how to drive it. Drive it like a regular car, mileage is 39 mpg, drive it like a hybrid and keep the rpms @ or under 2000 rpm, 47 to 50 mpg. Visibility is great, sound system is good quality and the touch screen setup for personal preferences for … operation is good.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Chevrolet Spark in Charleston, SC Values

Estimated values
2022 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4dr Hatchback (1.4L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$11,622$13,691$15,855
Clean$11,359$13,368$15,464
Average$10,921$12,829$14,813
Rough$10,352$12,128$13,967

The average list price of a used 2022 Chevrolet Spark in Charleston, South Carolina is $15,473. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Spark 2022 for sale in Charleston, South Carolina is 35,268. Based on the average mileage of 35,268 for used 2022 Chevrolet Spark for sale in Charleston, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Spark 2022 in Charleston, South Carolina to be $10,921.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.