Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
262 listings
  • New Listing
    • 48,669 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,773 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E55JN501494
    Stock: 2003688552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

    • 96,117 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8'3” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Ken Garff Hyundai Surprise (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Surprise, AZ / 31 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CARFAX One-Owner. Ken Garff Hyundai Surprise is excited to offer this fantastic-looking 2018 Nissan Titan SV. Gun Metallic 4WD (more)

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1R84JN500907
    Stock: JN500907W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • 141,479 miles
    • No accidents, 9 owners, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Heritage Motors (38 mi away)
    • Heated seats
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Casa Grande, AZ / 38 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    2006 Nissan Titan LE: Full-Size Power and ComfortLooking for a tough, capable truck with all the comfort and convenience features you need? This 2006 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA07A66N534595
    Stock: R23245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 140,379 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • 6ft Bed
    Close

    Located in Westlake Village, CA / 399 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Rare Find,5-Speed A/T,Power Door Locks,Gasoline Fuel,CD Player,ABS,Cloth Seats,Rear Wheel Drive,Rear Defrost,Power Outlet,Engine Immobilizer,Power Mir...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA07D78N309857
    Stock: 8N309857P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,000
    great price
    $4,270 below market
    • 106,272 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Unique Imports (103 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 103 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    We offer instant delivery O.A.C. Trades are always welcome, paid or not. We offer competitive financing on our entire fleet. Extended warranties are a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E64KN532147
    Stock: X532147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 131,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Tucson Auto Sales (100 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • 6ft Bed
    • Extended Cab
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 100 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA06A48N312397
    Stock: H544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 67,601 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to AZ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in O'Fallon, IL / 1,276 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1EK5JN544836
    Stock: 27104656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 96,502 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 262 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E50JN518879
    Stock: 2003701096
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 76,599 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,940 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E52JN506720
    Stock: 2003732958
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 45,088 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 832 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E59JN505631
    Stock: 2003728587
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 26,523 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Trucks Only - Mesa (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mesa, AZ / 5 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Call our Lifted Truck Headquarters 6**-3**-7*** to schedule your test drive! Clean and newly lifted 6, this Nissan Titan SL 4x4 crew cab is in excelle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E5XJN528206
    Stock: 528206
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-28-2023

  • Stock photo**
    • 85,825 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Sullivan Motor Company (4 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Mesa, AZ / 4 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    If you're searching for the BEST PRICE on a quality pre-owned vehicle, look no further. Our NO-PRESSURE & professional sales staff is eager to assist ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E54JN505388
    Stock: 25-C1205
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 159,385 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Revolution Autos (179 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bullhead City, AZ / 179 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA07C48N308138
    Stock: 308138
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 111,900 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 838 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E58JN545635
    Stock: 2003739013
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 78,379 miles
    • 2 accidents, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bend, OR / 892 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,7-Speed A/T,Bed Liner,Pow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E51JN525548
    Stock: JN525548J
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,258
    fair price
    $623 above market
    • 93,897 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 1,813 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,7-Speed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E56JN549053
    Stock: RB023331A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,342
    great price
    $3,965 below market
    • 110,255 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Oxendale Kia (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Flagstaff, AZ / 123 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Gun Metallic exterior and Black/Brown interior. Heated/Cooled Leather Seats, Sunroof, Navigation, Heated Rear Seat, Bed Liner, Alloy Wheels, [K92] OFF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1ED2MN505305
    Stock: 22417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-25-2024

  • Price Drop
    $28,786
    good price
    $3,948 below market
    • 49,321 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waukesha, WI / 1,442 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Navigation ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E50KN504661
    Stock: CSN666689A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,889
    good price
    $1,980 below market
    • 23,250 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Premier Mitsubishi (38 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Casa Grande, AZ / 38 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E67KN503869
    Stock: 42359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-09-2024

  • New Listing
    $31,990
    fair price
    $266 above market
    • 42,082 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,773 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1E67KN530151
    Stock: 2003648474
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,590
    fair price
    $426 below market
    • 60,340 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'7” bed, 5.6l, 8cyl
    • Carvana - Phoenix (12 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 12 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N6AA1EFXMN514626
    Stock: 2003674949
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

Showing 85 - 105 out of 262 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Titan

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Titan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (59%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

Since no one else has left a review

Kris Minnier, 03/04/2015
2013 Nissan Titan SV 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (5.6L 8cyl 5A)
I have owned my 2013 Titan for almost 2 years now and have not had an issue. I have owned several full size trucks and to date this is my favorite. I put magna flow exhaust on it and is by far the best sounding note out of all the V8's I have owned. When we get snowstorms of 12 plus inches and the roads are not cleared the ol girl plows through it with ease. I plan on driving her until … she just can't get down the road safely anymore which I hope is another 15 + years. I know of the few things that tend to fail such as exhaust manifolds and wheel seals but from all the research I have done and continue to monitor the engine and transmission are solid, which is the main reason for purchase.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Nissan Titan in Tempe, AZ Values

Estimated values
2018 Nissan Titan Platinum Reserve 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,657$26,911$29,582
Clean$23,004$26,160$28,747
Average$21,916$24,908$27,355
Rough$20,501$23,280$25,546

The average list price of a used 2018 Nissan Titan in Tempe, Arizona is $24,603. The average mileage on a used Nissan Titan 2018 for sale in Tempe, Arizona is 85,302. Based on the average mileage of 85,302 for used 2018 Nissan Titan for sale in Tempe, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Titan 2018 in Tempe, Arizona to be $21,916.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.