Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
190 listings
  • $11,999
    fair price
    $484 below market
    • 141,525 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 32 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3J58CEL02195
    Stock: CEL02195
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,950
    fair price
    $97 below market
    • 61,660 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • District Auto Group (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 17 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2JT5FEJ00489
    Stock: 641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,811
    fair price
    $906 above market
    • 90,734 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Precise Automotive Group (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 14 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    At Precise Automotive Group, We're making car buying easier and more convenient than ever! Enjoy FREE & FAST Shipping on all vehicles straight to your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2HT1FEJ10684
    Stock: P0684_2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 143,028 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats
    • Universal Motors (52 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Spotsylvania, VA / 52 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    ***DOWN PAYMENTS STARTING AS LOW AS $2500GUANRATEED FINANCING EVERYBODY APPROVED GOOD/BAD/NO CREDIT Universal Auto Sales 6421 Patriot Hwy Spotsylvania...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMFU285X5LJ03788
    Stock: B151-4C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,997
    great price
    $1,384 below market
    • 138,801 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Winchester Mitsubishi (54 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Winchester, VA / 54 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2J52EEL00746
    Stock: EEL00746T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-27-2025

  • $13,984
    good price
    $1,684 below market
    • 112,873 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • DealHunter Autos (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 25 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    Navigator L Select, 4D Sport Utility, 3.5L V6, 6-Speed Automatic, 4WD, Ebony Leather. 2016 Lincoln Navigator L Select 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6Odo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3JT9GEL06423
    Stock: L06423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,995
    fair price
    $383 above market
    • 114,203 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarVault of Waldorf (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 25 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    Visit CarVault of Waldorf to shop our great deals. You can call 240-607-9909 to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3JTXGEL02381
    Stock: CVL1974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 140,123 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Merlex Auto Group (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 8 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    This vehicle is subject to prior sale. The pricing, equipment, specifications, and photos presented are believed to be accurate, but are provided \\AS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2HT4GEL07611
    Stock: L07611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

    • 155,640 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Abilene, TX / 1,341 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    High Demand,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Remote Start,Satelli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3H5XEEL08802
    Stock: 38811TV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 132,868 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • American Dream Motors (54 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Winchester, VA / 54 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMFU28546LJ20233
    Stock: J20233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-01-2024

  • $13,900
    good price
    $1,756 below market
    • 126,577 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Safe Auto Dealership (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 12 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3JT0FEJ02866
    Stock: SAL2999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 131,975 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Cooper Motors Lincoln (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Hanover, PA / 67 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    Look at this 2003 Lincoln Navigator . Its Automatic transmission and Gas V8 5.4L/330 engine will keep you going. This Lincoln Navigator features the f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMFU28R23LJ37384
    Stock: 15699
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • $29,796
    great price
    $3,204 below market
    • 105,409 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Cars2us Of Woodbridge (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 13 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2TT1JEL15177
    Stock: CU6641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $30,050
    great price
    $3,177 below market
    • 73,430 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Motors (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 8 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    ASK ABOUT OUR MD INSPECTION PROGRAMVideo walk-around, virtual test drives, E-purchase, shipping , financing and we accept all trades. Call/Text 703-67...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2LT7JEL20626
    Stock: L20626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,998
    great price
    $2,190 below market
    • 113,138 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • MaxKar Motors (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 42 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    #00FF00;"">#3.5 L 6 Cyl Turbo #00FF00;"">#4WD #00FF00;"">#3rd Row Seat #00FF00;"">##00FF00;"">Adaptive Cruise Control #00FF00;"">##00FF00;"">A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2JT9JEL15835
    Stock: 5835
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-10-2025

  • $33,777
    fair price
    $1,552 below market
    • 89,523 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Imperial Highline (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 11 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: Cargo Package, Chalet Theme, Engine: 3.5l Twin-Turbocharged V6, Equipment Group 800a Black Label, Lincol...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2TT0JEL00265
    Stock: 00265
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • $27,995
    fair price
    $1,312 below market
    • 115,529 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvault of Chantilly (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 12 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    Visit CarVault of Chantilly to shop our great deals. You can call 571-585-7830 to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3LT5JEL02552
    Stock: CVLC2552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $14,839
    fair price
    $1,035 below market
    • 133,601 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Cars Trend (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Harrisburg, PA / 98 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2JT1GEL02201
    Stock: 2201
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 105,658 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 531 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ2HT7GEL00989
    Stock: 2003792133
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • 148,734 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • I-Deal Cars (81 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in York, PA / 81 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    ***TWO OWNERS***CLEAN CARFAX*** 2016 LINCOLN NAVIGATOR L RESERVE VIN: 5LMJJ3LT8GEL09715 4 DOOR SPORT UTILITY 3.5L V6 F DOHC 24V GASOLINE 4X4, POWER WI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3LT8GEL09715
    Stock: Y2730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 100,449 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 390 miles away from Fairfax, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5LMJJ3JT7GEL08509
    Stock: 2003922684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 190 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lincoln Navigator

Read recent reviews for the Lincoln Navigator
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars35 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 35 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Amazing 08 Navigator

Gaelon Ball, 02/11/2016
2008 Lincoln Navigator 4dr SUV (5.4L 8cyl 6A)
I bought my Navigator a few months ago and about a month after buying it we were in a 5 car collision on the interstate my navigator came out of the wreck with a dented bumper that's it... IT SAVED MY FAMILY'S LIVES INCLUDING THE 8 MONTH TWINS IN THE 3RD ROW.... you could never get a better vehicle and gas mileage it pretty great considering its an SUV with a big V8.I love my navigator … it's alot better than my 2000 expedition Eddie Bauer! This vehicle saved my family's lives on multiple occasions since I bought it, if you are in a position to get a Lincoln Navigator do so you will not regret it, it is a fantastic traveling and local vehicle, the best part is that you don't have to have premium fuel.... For someone who's had the LINCOLN experience you will not regret buying...! (Update ... I have now had my 2008 Lincoln Navigator for almost 2 years now and is is the most fantastic vehicle I have ever owned I recently hit a deer a 40 mph and it only cracked the bumper and the grill which the insurance covered but I was completely shocked there wasn't ALOT more damage but that's it the brakes immediately responded it didn't slide or screach nothing it was amazing. I can go on and on at how great this car has been but to put it simply I would definitely buy another!!!)
Report abuse

Used 2012 Lincoln Navigator in Fairfax, VA Values

Estimated values
2012 Lincoln Navigator L 4dr SUV 4WD (5.4L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$5,324$9,848$12,466
Clean$5,069$9,314$11,713
Average$4,644$8,423$10,457
Rough$4,091$7,264$8,825

The average list price of a used 2012 Lincoln Navigator in Fairfax, Virginia is $17,624. The average mileage on a used Lincoln Navigator 2012 for sale in Fairfax, Virginia is 117,880. Based on the average mileage of 117,880 for used 2012 Lincoln Navigator for sale in Fairfax, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lincoln Navigator 2012 in Fairfax, Virginia to be $4,644.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.