Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
411 listings
  • $17,998
    fair price
    $488 above market
    • 96,510 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,015 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA8D2009386
    Stock: 27062756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,755
    fair price
    $286 above market
    • 139,452 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy Lexus of Richmond (62 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 62 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA9D2006643
    Stock: X086166S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $9,997
    fair price
    $188 above market
    • 176,356 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Luminex Autos (426 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Lilburn, GA / 426 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA3D2007254
    Stock: 007254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 155,611 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Kernersville Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (161 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Kernersville, NC / 161 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Navigation! Sunroof! Backup Camera! Heated and Ventilated Leather Seats! This 2013 LEXUS RX 450H FWD has a 3.5L V6 F DOHC 24V engine, automatic transm...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA4D2009272
    Stock: X9237
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 108,534 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Johnson Lexus of Durham (150 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 150 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    1-OWNER TRADE-IN! PERFECTLY MAINTAINED! COMPLETE SERVICE HISTORY! NEW FRONT BRAKES! CARFAX ACCIDENT-FREE! AMAZINGLY CLEAN CONDITION! LOADED WITH PREMI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ZB1BA9FC004801
    Stock: DPL10678A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 201,106 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Best Used Cars (427 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 427 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA8D2059008
    Stock: D2059008-888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 115,086 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Priority Lexus Virginia Beach (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 154 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BAXD2451889
    Stock: 25LV35022
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 59,850 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 2,296 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BAXD2008353
    Stock: 26981333
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 174,023 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Rockland Motors (320 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in West Nyack, NY / 320 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Unleash the power of luxury with this sleek Gray 2013 Lexus RX 450h! Beneath its sophisticated exterior lies a robust 3.5L DOHC V6 engine combined wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA7D2449985
    Stock: 244985
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

    • 131,491 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • S & S Auto Sales (152 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 152 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Power Door Locks, Air Conditioning, Dual Air Bags, HID Headlamps, Power Steering, Heated Seats, Roof Rack, Ventilated Seats, CD/MP3 (Multi Disc), Crui...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA5D2062772
    Stock: 269
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 114,015 miles
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Columbus, GA / 527 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA6D2007426
    Stock: 27447638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 110,368 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,416 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA4D2053495
    Stock: 27106506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 48,495 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Mays Landing (229 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mays Landing, NJ / 229 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BC1BA7FC004665
    Stock: 27378493
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 71,207 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,280 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA4D2054923
    Stock: 27349190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 149,742 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • TSI Motorsports (410 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Manchester, CT / 410 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    TSI Motorsports, we are a full service Connecticut used car dealer located in Manchester serving the towns of Tolland county, Hartford CT, Manchester ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA3D2058252
    Stock: 058252
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $22,000
    great price
    $2,958 below market
    • 106,362 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarHub (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 63 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA9GC006956
    Stock: 006956
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,995
    fair price
    $396 below market
    • 117,967 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Automotive Group (323 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Milford, OH / 323 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    UP FOR SALE 2014 LEXUS RX 450H !!! HYBRID !!! AUTOMATIC, ALL WHEEL DRIVE , NAVIGATION, BACK UP CAMERA , POWER HEATED/COOLED LEATHER SEATS, POWER WINDO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA5E2068508
    Stock: 068508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • $18,995
    fair price
    $383 below market
    • 89,100 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Avalon Auto (426 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 426 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA1E2009683
    Stock: R009683
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,998
    fair price
    $980 below market
    • 81,202 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Herb Chambers Lexus (476 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sharon, MA / 476 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    INSPECTION COMPLETED Every Herb Chambers Certified pre-owned vehicle receives a complete multi-point inspection by factory trained technicians who ins...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA9GC004298
    Stock: 826520A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $16,897
    fair price
    $182 below market
    • 116,610 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Century Ford of Mt Airy (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mount Airy, MD / 116 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Black 2014 Lexus RX 450h AWD eCVT 3.5L V6 DOHC VVT-i 24V 2014 Lexus RX 450h Black, Navigation System, Leather Seats, S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA4E2453333
    Stock: L24218A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,900
    good price
    $1,232 below market
    • 142,029 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Royal Auto Sales (218 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Concord, NC / 218 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    * GUARANTEED CREDIT APPROVAL REGARDLESS OF PAST HISTORY. * 3 MONTH / 3000 MILES POWERTRAIN SERVICE CONTRACT INCLUDED * SEE DEALER FOR DETAILS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA9E2068611
    Stock: 068611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 411 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus RX 450h

Read recent reviews for the Lexus RX 450h
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (80%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4 out of 5 stars

Very pleased with this car after nearly 8 years!

Happy Lexus Owner, 04/08/2018
2010 Lexus RX 450h 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
We bought our RX450h new and have driven it daily since. It is not a car for the performance oriented driver. It is a room, comfortable cruiser that gets impressive gasoline mileage in town. On the highway it is smooth and quiet. The hybrid drive has worked great, and we've had no problems with the system. After 70K miles, I can report only one significant mechanical problem, which could … very well have been catastrophic. An oil hose burst and the car leaked oil all over our garage a driveway. Fortunately, I discovered it in time before the car was driven a significant distance. The local Lexus dealer replaced it for free. This was not an isolated incident with the model... there are quite a few similar cases posted on internet forums. Why the Lexus dealer didn't recall and replace it earlier is a mystery. If you own this car or buy one used, make sure your mechanic checks all of the oil hoses! Otherwise, it's a great (if boring) car. We will pass it down to our teenage daughter soon.
Report abuse

Used 2013 Lexus RX 450h in Charlottesville, VA Values

Estimated values
2013 Lexus RX 450h 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,662$12,432$14,065
Clean$9,235$11,814$13,291
Average$8,523$10,785$12,003
Rough$7,598$9,447$10,327

The average list price of a used 2013 Lexus RX 450h in Charlottesville, Virginia is $17,789. The average mileage on a used Lexus RX 450h 2013 for sale in Charlottesville, Virginia is 119,291. Based on the average mileage of 119,291 for used 2013 Lexus RX 450h for sale in Charlottesville, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus RX 450h 2013 in Charlottesville, Virginia to be $8,523.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.