Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
509 listings
  • Price Drop
    $7,991
    great price
    $2,889 below market
    • 141,450 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Kelly Buick GMC (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Emmaus, PA / 71 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    local trade, well-maintained with 42 Service records!! Sold and serviced by Kelly!!Our Risk Free story includes: 1) 3 day or 150 mile money back gua...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BMDP66D2030015
    Stock: BP6191A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,999
    great price
    $3,414 below market
    • 72,615 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 88 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAG69L3033380
    Stock: 033380-80
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $13,999
    great price
    $3,299 below market
    • 72,122 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 88 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNEN64H3013574
    Stock: 013574-74
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $12,228
    great price
    $1,333 below market
    • 87,796 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Jersey City Autoland (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jersey City, NJ / 94 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNEJ68F3005772
    Stock: J1971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-03-2025

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Subaru Legacy
    $26,810
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details.
  • Price Drop
    $11,990
    great price
    $3,566 below market
    • 98,120 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Legendary Classics (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Edgewater, NJ / 94 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNAN65J3030849
    Stock: 030849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $8,595
    fair price
    $599 below market
    • 109,200 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Good Value Cars (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Norristown, PA / 100 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    3 MONTHS/ 4500 MILES WARRANTY *** AUTOMATIC *** ALL WHEEL DRIVE *** ONE OWNER!! *** CARFAX CERTIFIED WITH NO ACCIDENTS *** FULLY LOADED LIMITED EDITIO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BMBL66C3009152
    Stock: GVC25125
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,980
    great price
    $1,733 below market
    • 85,262 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • AW Auto and Truck Wholesalers (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Lodi, NJ / 87 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    ,APPOINTMENT STRONGLY RECOMMENDED, 60 PLUS VEHICLES IN STORAGE!! Your search for a safe, comfortable, and reliable sedan ends here! This one-owner 20...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNAN62G3005271
    Stock: 89051N
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • $7,295
    fair price
    $400 below market
    • 132,948 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Island Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Staten Island, NY / 100 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Island Auto Group – No Hidden Fees, No Games, Just Real Prices! What You See is What You Pay – No "Extra" Dealer Fees Ever! Most dealers advertise fak...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BMBG62D3044055
    Stock: 999009
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Subaru Legacy
    $26,810
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details.
  • $15,499
    good price
    $2,011 below market
    • 52,517 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot of Mountain Lakes (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mountain Lakes, NJ / 72 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNEN60G3037739
    Stock: 037739-39
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $25,295
    good price
    $1,093 below market
    • 2,107 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Lynnes Subaru (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 87 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    This 2025 Subaru Legacy has passed the Lynnes comprehensive 172 point inspection with flying colors. Our ASE certified technicians have inspected this...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAC66S3008568
    Stock: SE3193P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,499
    good price
    $2,341 below market
    • 91,132 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 88 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNEN66G3031234
    Stock: 031234-34
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,995
    good price
    $1,720 below market
    • 21,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Subaru (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Somerset, NJ / 92 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Recent Arrival! 2020 Subaru Legacy Whc *** 1 OWNER - CLEAN CARFAX - ONLY 21K ORIGINAL MILES - PREMIUM TRIM - SUNROOF - NAVIGATION - BLIND SPOT MONITOR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAE62L3014267
    Stock: L3014267
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Subaru Legacy
    $26,810
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details.
  • $26,500
    good price
    $675 below market
    • 19,375 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Wyoming Valley Subaru (26 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Plains, PA / 26 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Abyss Blue Pearl 2022 Subaru Legacy 4D Sedan Touring XT 2.4L 4-Cylinder DOHC 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWGP68N3010131
    Stock: SRL8504A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • $20,899
    good price
    $1,355 below market
    • 36,521 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Lynnes Nissan City (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 87 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    This 2023 Subaru Legacy has passed the Lynnes comprehensive 172 point inspection with flying colors. Our ASE certified technicians have inspected this...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAF61P3013969
    Stock: E8333P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $14,499
    good price
    $1,146 below market
    • 84,436 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot of Mountain Lakes (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mountain Lakes, NJ / 72 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNAF67K3019562
    Stock: 019562-62
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $25,990
    good price
    $707 below market
    • 15,100 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - New York City (97 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 97 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAF60R3008684
    Stock: 2003704619
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • Advertisement

    3 Offers Nearby

    2025 Subaru Legacy
    $26,810
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 2 Packages
    View Offers 
    MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details.
  • $21,995
    good price
    $1,100 below market
    • 22,760 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Liberty Subaru (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Emerson, NJ / 87 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    At Liberty Subaru, our Certified Pre-Owned internet prices INCLUDE certification, and we NEVER charge a Dealer Prep fee. Our Certified cars include tw...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAB63P3005670
    Stock: 6767
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-16-2025

  • $28,495
    fair price
    $192 below market
    • 6,223 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Subaru (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Somerset, NJ / 92 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    2024 Subaru Legacy Cri *** ORIGINAL MSRP = $36,248 - LIMITED TRIM - SUNROOF - HEATED STEERING WHEEL - HARMON KARDON - NAVIGATION - AND MUCH MUCH MORE!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAN61R3022384
    Stock: 24958L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $19,540
    fair price
    $851 above market
    • 42,552 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Bennett Hyundai (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lebanon, PA / 99 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BNAB66K3029926
    Stock: N1926A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $9,450
    good price
    $898 below market
    • 121,825 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Sands Ford of Red Hill (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Red Hill, PA / 83 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    2013 Subaru Legacy 3.6R Limited**** LOADED LIMITED TRIM LEVEL ******** 1 OWNER ****YOU ARE LOOKING AT A VERY RELIABLE AND AFFORDABLE 2013 SUBARU...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BMDP66D2002019
    Stock: AR5847
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • $26,950
    fair price
    $858 below market
    • 23,010 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Wayne Subaru (75 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pompton Plains, NJ / 75 miles away from Carbondale, PA

    Wayne Subaru is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2023 Subaru Legacy Premium Subaru Certified Pre-Owned is ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3BWAF68P3005058
    Stock: U16806
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 509 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.