Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,862 listings
  • $32,626
    good price
    $2,182 below market
    • 44,209 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Apollo Auto Sales (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sewell, NJ / 60 miles away from Reading, PA

    Our iconic One Owner 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon 4 Door 4X4 is made to master adventure in Black! Powered by a TurboCharged 2.0 Liter 4 Cylin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN8MW571623
    Stock: B4312
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-11-2024

    • 26,741 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 430 miles away from Reading, PA

    Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed M/T,8-Speed A/T,A/C,A/T,ABS,Adjustable Steer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG4MW842374
    Stock: MW842374A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 29,674 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Temecula, CA / 2,301 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed M/T,8-Speed A/T,A/C,A/T,AB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG8MW610845
    Stock: MW610845P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    $39,991
    fair price
    $1,691 above market
    • 12,214 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Norristown Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (34 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Norristown, PA / 34 miles away from Reading, PA

    2021 V6 JEEP WRANGLER UNLIMITED SAHARA WITH SKY ONE-TOUCH POWER CONVERTIBLE TOP. FACTORY CERTIFIED, FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE, ONE OWNER, APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG0MW637147
    Stock: MW637147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 34,656 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • David Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Glen Mills, PA / 39 miles away from Reading, PA

    ICONIC STYLE, UNMATCHED PERFORMANCE, LOW MILES! Get ready to take on any adventure in this 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara! With only 34,651 miles...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG8MW787507
    Stock: P7057
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

  • $29,995
    good price
    $2,564 below market
    • 36,248 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Towne Hyundai (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Denville, NJ / 85 miles away from Reading, PA

    CARFAX One-Owner. 4WD 3.6L V6 24V VVT Bright White Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Willys 8-Speed Automatic

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG9MW667751
    Stock: MW667751
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • $37,500
    fair price
    $304 below market
    • 35,529 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Kinley Ford (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Hamburg, PA / 14 miles away from Reading, PA

    2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon LEATHER, **CARFAX 1-OWNER**, HEATED SEATS, New PA State Inspection, 7 & 4 Pin Wiring Harness, Auxiliary Switches,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN7MW796695
    Stock: MW796695T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 27,443 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Zimmerman Enterprises (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sunbury, PA / 56 miles away from Reading, PA

    New Price! Odometer is 11396 miles below market average! 21/24 City/Highway MPG Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Jeep Combined Details: * Vehicle ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN8MW596623
    Stock: 247812A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 29,955 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Fred Beans Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Doylestown, PA / 42 miles away from Reading, PA

    2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport S 3.6L V6 24V VVT 8-Speed Automatic 4WD 4D Sport Utility Bright White Clearcoat Great Service History, Free First O...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG3MW813092
    Stock: D50078P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,198
    fair price
    $590 below market
    • 31,727 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Davis Acura (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Langhorne, PA / 57 miles away from Reading, PA

    **NEW PA STATE INSPECTION AND EMISSIONS, NEW REAR BRAKES AND REAR ROTORS INSTALLED**Additional options on this Wrangler:Customer Preferred Package 22S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN5MW515917
    Stock: 12793P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-06-2024

  • $27,548
    fair price
    $699 below market
    • 52,490 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Don White's Timonium Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cockeysville, MD / 71 miles away from Reading, PA

    Dealer Sarge Green Clearcoat 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Freedom Edition 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 DOHC Lifetime Oil Changes, Lifetime Tire Rota...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN8MW719238
    Stock: 4328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

    • 39,290 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,134 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed M/T,8-Speed A/T,A/C,A/T,ABS,Adjustable Steeri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDGXMW697759
    Stock: MW697759P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,199
    fair price
    $484 below market
    • 39,888 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarShop Chester Springs (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chester Springs, PA / 23 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG4MW767417
    Stock: A91962
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 32,387 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Johnson Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Budd Lake, NJ / 72 miles away from Reading, PA

    John Johnson Automotive Group continues to exceed customers expectations with all of our New and Pre-Owned vehicle sales. Our customers keep coming ba...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG7MW631668
    Stock: 10815P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,590
    fair price
    $1,013 below market
    • 73,557 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 843 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN6MW679076
    Stock: 2003689030
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $27,995
    fair price
    $1,327 below market
    • 90,223 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Scranton Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (76 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Scranton, PA / 76 miles away from Reading, PA

    7 & 4 Pin Wiring Harness, 700 Amp Maintenance Free Battery, Alpine Premium Audio System, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Class II Receiver Hitch, Engine B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXCG3MW827625
    Stock: MW827625T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,998
    fair price
    $595 below market
    • 43,612 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bristol, TN / 429 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG9MW506199
    Stock: 27343593
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $31,998
    fair price
    $1,388 below market
    • 33,217 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, IL / 684 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG8MW821821
    Stock: 27184860
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,512
    good price
    $2,929 below market
    • 53,529 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 405 miles away from Reading, PA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed M/T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN9MW653975
    Stock: MW653975TS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $28,990
    good price
    $1,860 below market
    • 47,948 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 374 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDG5MW567565
    Stock: 2003645186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 30,213 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Victorville, CA / 2,285 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDM7MW559456
    Stock: 27029524
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 757 - 777 out of 2,862 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

My Last Hoorah!

Atteboyz, 08/07/2022
2022 Jeep Wrangler Willys Sport 2dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
I love my Sarge Green Willys Sport 2-Door, V-6, with Manual. I researched my build options to death before custom order. It looks and feels like a mean, green, jeepin machine. It also fits nicely in my garage. I'm an empty-nester, so 4-Door was out; I like the 2-Door looks better. She zips and punches nicely; straighten the curves, flattin the hills...
Report abuse

Used 2021 Jeep Wrangler in Reading, PA Values

Estimated values
2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$30,190$32,019$33,861
Clean$29,479$31,222$32,973
Average$28,293$29,892$31,492
Rough$26,751$28,164$29,566

The average list price of a used 2021 Jeep Wrangler in Reading, Pennsylvania is $31,174. The average mileage on a used Jeep Wrangler 2021 for sale in Reading, Pennsylvania is 40,226. Based on the average mileage of 40,226 for used 2021 Jeep Wrangler for sale in Reading, PA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Wrangler 2021 in Reading, Pennsylvania to be $28,293.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.