Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,199 listings
  • New Listing
    • 57,929 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Fort Worth, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 215 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX7MM118143
    Stock: 26017727
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $21,998
    fair price
    $108 above market
    • 48,210 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 1,340 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV2B7AX6MM125970
    Stock: 27432646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,990
    good price
    $595 below market
    • 95,599 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 1,590 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV4B7AX5MM116427
    Stock: 2003700297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 51,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Irving, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 210 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX3MM026916
    Stock: 26782278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 46,802 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 1,055 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV2B7AX9MM111979
    Stock: 27366422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $20,998
    fair price
    $538 above market
    • 20,071 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 1,206 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV1B7AX9MM111640
    Stock: 27371358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 19,056 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Norco, CA / 1,321 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX4MM060640
    Stock: 27318940
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 61,545 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Austin, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 140 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV1B7AX5MM043627
    Stock: 27242423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 10,419 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax College Station (63 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in College Station, TX / 63 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VVNB7AX1PM014972
    Stock: 27349265
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 17,669 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Fort Worth, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 212 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV1B7AX0MM022801
    Stock: 27083803
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 8,800 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 1,295 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX3MM137949
    Stock: 26866508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,998
    fair price
    $45 above market
    • 45,471 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 1,812 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV2B7AX1MM003176
    Stock: 26708804
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 23,078 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 1,225 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV0B7AX8MM025859
    Stock: 27449653
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 47,952 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Warrensville Heights, OH / 1,104 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX8MM141429
    Stock: 26765383
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,203 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 1,479 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,High Demand,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Key...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV2B7AX1MM111460
    Stock: 1133P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 23,908 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 1,414 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX9MM047706
    Stock: 27370977
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 44,059 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax North Houston (5 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 5 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VVRB7AX6PM064509
    Stock: 27349279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $21,998
    fair price
    $438 above market
    • 27,550 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Jensen Beach, FL / 938 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AXXMM090337
    Stock: 27291685
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,444 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gulf Freeway (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 35 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV1B7AX7KM115845
    Stock: 27351904
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,998
    fair price
    $434 above market
    • 26,927 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 857 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV3B7AX9MM082634
    Stock: 27321273
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 28,900 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 806 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VV0B7AX5MM075344
    Stock: 27120929
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 127 - 147 out of 1,199 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Tiguan

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Tiguan
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars42 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 42 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

Frugal friend

Drivingshouldbefun, 02/18/2021
2021 Volkswagen Tiguan SE R-Line Black 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
You should know the 2 wheel drive r line with those wide flat tires is worthless in snow, regardless what the sales person says. Also mine has a whistle above 60 in the cabin. It tracks great going 90 down the interstate and has no understeer on exit ramps. I’m 247 6’5” and have plenty of room with room for my long legged kids behind me. The seat are FIRM. Car is averaging 27.4 mpg which … is considering I drive hammer down. Over all it’s fun to drive, just buy the all wheel drive model if you live where the white stuff flies.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Volkswagen Tiguan in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2021 Volkswagen Tiguan SE 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,611$19,861$22,127
Clean$17,196$19,366$21,546
Average$16,504$18,541$20,578
Rough$15,605$17,469$19,320

The average list price of a used 2021 Volkswagen Tiguan in Spring, Texas is $22,855. The average mileage on a used Volkswagen Tiguan 2021 for sale in Spring, Texas is 37,400. Based on the average mileage of 37,400 for used 2021 Volkswagen Tiguan for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volkswagen Tiguan 2021 in Spring, Texas to be $16,504.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.