Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
101 listings
  • $10,499
    fair price
    $412 above market
    • 133,509 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carlotta Auto Sales (163 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 163 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU1FM044799
    Stock: 10698
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 154,664 miles
    • Water damage reported, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of South Orlando (144 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 144 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU2FM066374
    Stock: SN520079A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 90,008 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 765 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU6FM019736
    Stock: 2003727236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 98,973 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 765 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AUXFM046910
    Stock: 2003745024
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 104,257 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,648 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU8FM071577
    Stock: 27247242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 90,956 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to FL*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 1,031 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU8FM034433
    Stock: 26808143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 65,003 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 31 City / 43 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,514 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (31 City/43 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2A7AU9FM040922
    Stock: 2003765658
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,848 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 37 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to FL*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 551 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW817AU4FM090055
    Stock: 26161728
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 119,419 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Select Car Auto Sales (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Kissimmee, FL / 134 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    Air Conditioning Power Windows Power Locks Power Steering AM/FM CD/MP3 Daytime Running Lights Dual Front Airbags; Side Airbags; Head Airbags; Rear...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU4FM018066
    Stock: 018066
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

    • 78,010 miles
    • Odometer issue reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Wheels R Us (55 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Hollywood, FL / 55 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    APPLY TODAY! DRIVE TODAY!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU4FM018987
    Stock: 018987
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-13-2023

  • New Listing
    • 70,405 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,082 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU8FM028065
    Stock: 2003723137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 93,472 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 31 City / 43 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 1,030 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (31 City/43 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2A7AU3FM052953
    Stock: 2003732920
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 98,355 miles
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 1,077 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU4FM008427
    Stock: 27205440
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 124,910 miles
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to FL*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 1,148 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW917AU4FM081215
    Stock: 27346058
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 90,528 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • J & C Auto Sales (112 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 112 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU7FM005019
    Stock: 005019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 128,867 miles
    • 4 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Casey's Auto Wholesale (155 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 155 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW217AU2FM037263
    Stock: P2339
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 123,106 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 37 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Affordable Auto Sales (174 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Saint Petersburg, FL / 174 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW817AU5FM086483
    Stock: 9634
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-05-2024

  • Price Drop
    $9,490
    good price
    $872 below market
    • 119,117 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 30 City / 42 Hwy MPG
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Homestead (94 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Homestead, FL / 94 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/42 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVWDM7AJ7EW010230
    Stock: 1166343A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 146,879 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Orange Prime Motors (170 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Port Orange, FL / 170 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    Looking for a car that's as cool as a cucumber and as smooth as butter? Meet the 2014 Volkswagen Golf with a 2.5L engine and 146K miles. This little g...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVWDB7AJ8EW004460
    Stock: 004460
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • $4,900
    great price
    $1,662 below market
    • 152,023 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Mighty Rides (469 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Walton Beach, FL / 469 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    2013 Volkswagen Golf with 2.5L I5 engine and automatic/steptronic transmission. Power windows, door locks and mirrors, cruise control, AM/FM Mp3 play...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVWDB7AJ8DW084714
    Stock: 084714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,937 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 2,048 miles away from West Palm Beach, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVWDB7AJ7DW009504
    Stock: 2003714712
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 101 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Golf

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Golf
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

Upscale hatchback

David, 07/26/2018
2018 Volkswagen Golf TSI S 4dr Hatchback (1.8L 4cyl Turbo 5M)
I had a Mazda Miata previously, so the VW Golf is definitely a big step up in terms of stability and comfort. I am a person who actually likes to drive and am a moderate driver. Having driven and researched the Japanese hatchbacks and smaller cars, the Golf is absolutely a much better driver's car. The others drive like school buses. The SE has a few bells and whistles I wasn't too … worried about, so I bought the S model. Driving the S with the 5 speed manual is not a lot different than the 2010 GTI I owned (not as fast of course). The 2018 Golf gives one a feeling of solidity and control that other cars lack. It is quiet, comfortable and refined, gets great mileage and handles very well. Electronics are very nice. I think the Germans have done good work improving the Golf over the years. I only have 3000 miles on this car, so this is an initial assessment. I can't comment on reliability, but I hope for the best and am careful with the car, researching the owner's manual and following it explicitly. I am very happy with my Golf and am looking forward to taking it on a longer trip to see how it performs. Update at 12,000 miles: smooth as silk. No squeaks, rattles or problems. A car one enjoys driving. 19500 miles. No problems. Highway mileage usually about 39-42 mpg. I appreciate the ease of using GPS and CarPlay. Great car. I follow maintenance schedule closely, use Top Tier fuel, etc. 26000 miles: Zero problems. Quick and stable car that’s still a pleasure to own. 40,000 miles: I am following the maintenance requirements carefully. Zero problems! No rattles, drives great. At 75 mph getting a consistent 41-42 mpg on cruise. Hope to keep this Golf a long time. 59000 miles. Drives great. Zero problems. Just traveled 1400 miles on a road trip driving 70-75 mph and got just over 40 mph. Still big on strict maintenance, using Top Tier gas and changing oil each 5000 miles. I really enjoy the car. UPDATE: Reliable, stingy on gas, drives very well, comfortable. This is my second Edmunds review on this Golf, but I have 75000 miles now with nary a problem. The front bumper has had some pebble and rock damage, and since I am keeping this car forever I am having it repainted to look like new. Every review I have read is that the 2018 VW TSI Golf is the best year to buy. I intend to keep this thing for a long time.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Volkswagen Golf in West Palm Beach, FL Values

Estimated values
2015 Volkswagen Golf TSI SE 4dr Hatchback (1.8L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$6,448$9,464$11,474
Clean$6,126$8,956$10,817
Average$5,589$8,110$9,723
Rough$4,891$7,010$8,300

The average list price of a used 2015 Volkswagen Golf in West Palm Beach, Florida is $12,442. The average mileage on a used Volkswagen Golf 2015 for sale in West Palm Beach, Florida is 104,964. Based on the average mileage of 104,964 for used 2015 Volkswagen Golf for sale in West Palm Beach, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volkswagen Golf 2015 in West Palm Beach, Florida to be $5,589.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.