Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
266 listings
  • $57,999
    fair price
    $98 above market
    • 48,282 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Country Chevrolet (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Warrenton, VA / 73 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2021 Toyota Sequoia TRD Pro Midnight Black Metallic 4WD 5.7L V8 6-Speed Automatic 6-Speed Automatic, 4WD, Heated front seats, Illuminated entry, Power...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDEY5B15MS182539
    Stock: P9196
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,994
    great price
    $6,450 below market
    • 130,159 miles
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Lincoln of Wayne (169 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 169 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDY5G15JS161464
    Stock: 84281A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 115,757 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Team Toyota of Langhorne (111 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Langhorne, PA / 111 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDY5G17KS172208
    Stock: 130933A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 92,717 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,206 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDJY5G15LS180702
    Stock: 2003778494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $47,697
    fair price
    $1,951 below market
    • 80,844 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Johnstons Toyota (186 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in New Hampton, NY / 186 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    This vehicle is a 2020 Toyota Sequoia Platinum 4x4 SUV, certified pre-owned and with 80,844 miles. It has a 5.7 liter 8 cylinder engine with sequentia...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDY5G10LS176277
    Stock: 72589
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,995
    fair price
    $116 below market
    • 140,520 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Trademark (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 56 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2018 Toyota Sequoia SR5 4WD Navigation System, ABS Brakes, Adjustable Suspension, Air Conditioning, Alloy Wheels, AM/FM Stereo, Auto Cruise Cont...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBY5G10JS158723
    Stock: AT17775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $39,995
    fair price
    $1,393 below market
    • 80,809 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Bobby Rahal Toyota (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mechanicsburg, PA / 64 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Recent Arrival!Sequoia SR5, 4D Sport Utility, 5.7L V8, 6-Speed Automatic, 4WD, Midnight Black, Graphite w/Leather Seat Trim or Leather Trim Seats, ABS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBY5G10LS178327
    Stock: T72391A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 99,460 miles
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MD*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, TX / 1,273 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDYY5G11LS074620
    Stock: 26660521
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 78,726 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Waldorf Toyota (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 51 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    **Recent Arrival!** **Local Trade!** **CLEAN Carfax!** **One Owner Vehicle!** **4x4!** **Rare Find!** **Premium JBL Audio!** **Price Leader!** **Plati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDY5G18JS161927
    Stock: 0N38523A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 89,698 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (128 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 128 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDY5G16JS157052
    Stock: 2003906324
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 50,889 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 364 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBY5G19LS179170
    Stock: 2003747217
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Ourisman Lexus of Rockville (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rockville, MD / 30 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDEY5B15NS189668
    Stock: 189668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-08-2025

    • 45,237 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 505 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDJY5G17LS180118
    Stock: 2003853735
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

    • 91,834 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,170 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBY5G15LS176900
    Stock: 2003844062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $59,990
    great price
    $5,170 below market
    • 42,646 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Holman Toyota (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 101 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Experience the perfect blend of power, luxury, and versatility with this pre-owned 2023 Toyota Sequoia Limited 4WD. Dressed in a sleek Midnight Black ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7SVAAABA2PX007522
    Stock: PX007522
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • $59,233
    great price
    $4,665 below market
    • 37,893 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Star GMC Quakertown (104 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Quakertown, PA / 104 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    BALANCE OF FACTORY WARRANTY, ABS brakes, Active Cruise Control, Alloy wheels, Electronic Stability Control, Front dual zone A/C, Heated door mirrors, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7SVAAABA8PX009260
    Stock: Q450370C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • $35,970
    great price
    $3,846 below market
    • 102,923 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Milan Motors (175 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Little Ferry, NJ / 175 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Milan Motors relies on external data provided by the vehicle manufacturer and other resources and, therefore, exact configuration, specifications, col...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDDY5G17KS174119
    Stock: 4119t
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • $30,688
    great price
    $3,049 below market
    • 105,761 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 2,355 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDBY5G16KS170165
    Stock: KS170165A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $74,300
    good price
    $3,577 below market
    • 16,512 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Holman Toyota (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 101 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Introducing the powerful and versatile 2023 Toyota Sequoia TRD Pro 4WD, designed for those who crave adventure without sacrificing comfort or style. D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7SVAAABA9PX020588
    Stock: PX020588
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $66,000
    good price
    $2,293 below market
    • 36,003 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Westminster Toyota (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westminster, MD / 21 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2023 Toyota Sequoia Platinum **** TOYOTA CERTIFIED **** Balance of Factory Warranty **** Apple Carplay/Android Auto, Bluetooth, Hands-Free, Sunroof, K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7SVAAABA1PX006734
    Stock: KTW250898B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $58,590
    fair price
    $388 below market
    • 10,657 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Denvery, CO / 1,503 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5TDFY5B10MS186177
    Stock: 2003773400
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 266 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Sequoia

Read recent reviews for the Toyota Sequoia
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (53%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
4 out of 5 stars

Count on It

Mac, 10/30/2019
2019 Toyota Sequoia Platinum 4dr SUV (5.7L 8cyl 6A)
Having looked at Yukon and Expedition options...very nice vehicles, when it came to a decision, I opted for tried and true. There's a peace-of-mind that accompanies the 2019 Sequoia Platinum precisely because it's old-school rock-solid dependable, has a smooth and powerful V-8, owns time-tested engineering in important places (a simple transmission and low axle ratio). Though it doesnt … have advanced much of anything like cylinder deactivation, turbos or a variable transmission, what it does have just works. 150-200k miles plus is the norm not an exception. The safety updates, functional cargo space and overall comfort just work. It's simple, not flashy or particularly attractive and doest stand out in a crowd. But years and miles from now, i'm guessing it will still be doing what it does without much complaint. That said, it would be nice to get 4-5 mpg better fuel economy, another 1000lbs of towing capacity, less sensitive steering and a larger info screen.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Toyota Sequoia in Baltimore, MD Values

Estimated values
2021 Toyota Sequoia TRD PRO 4dr SUV 4WD (5.7L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$45,839$48,749$51,668
Clean$45,182$48,025$50,875
Average$44,086$46,819$49,554
Rough$42,662$45,252$47,836

The average list price of a used 2021 Toyota Sequoia in Baltimore, Maryland is $47,178. The average mileage on a used Toyota Sequoia 2021 for sale in Baltimore, Maryland is 71,301. Based on the average mileage of 71,301 for used 2021 Toyota Sequoia for sale in Baltimore, MD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Sequoia 2021 in Baltimore, Maryland to be $44,086.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.