Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,214 listings
  • New Listing
    $16,877
    good price
    $1,498 below market
    • 72,466 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive Colorado Springs (49 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 49 miles away from Aurora, CO

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB8LT177537
    Stock: YLT177537
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • $15,700
    good price
    $1,285 below market
    • 86,519 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • AutoNation Dodge Ram Broadway (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Littleton, CO / 9 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Power Front/Fixed Rear Full SunroofTransmission: 9-Speed 948Te AutomaticCold Weather GroupPanoramic RoofGranite Crystal Metallic ClearcoatKeyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB8LT104705
    Stock: LT104705
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

  • $17,150
    good price
    $1,005 below market
    • 72,328 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Mile High Honda (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 2 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Odometer is 2409 miles below market average!Compass Limited, 4WD, Black Leather.2020 Jeep Compass LimitedWe are open for all your sales and servi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB4LT146187
    Stock: 51934A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • $15,000
    good price
    $1,132 below market
    • 96,055 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Jeep Arapahoe (5 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Englewood, CO / 5 miles away from Aurora, CO

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new suspension parts! Leather SeatsCompact Spare TireLaser Blue PearlcoatKeyless St...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB0LT185519
    Stock: LT185519
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 86,411 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • AutoNation USA Colorado Springs (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 50 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Transmission: 6-Speed Aisin F21-250 Gen 3 AutoDiamond Black Crystal PearlcoatKeyless StartRear Spoiler3.502 Axle RatioBlack; Cloth Low-Back Bucke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCAB2LT170176
    Stock: LT170176
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 31,700 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Colorado Springs (54 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 54 miles away from Aurora, CO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB2LT169639
    Stock: 27630108
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 75,286 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • DriveTime of Lakewood (16 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lakewood, CO / 16 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB9LT205908
    Stock: 1230054768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

    • 98,628 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Garff Ford Greeley (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Greeley, CO / 51 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Traditional Certified, 4WD, 17 x 6.5 Aluminum Wheels, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 4.334 Axle Ratio, 6 Speakers, 8.4 Touch Screen Display, ABS brakes, Air Con...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB8LT159877
    Stock: LT159877T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • $13,500
    good price
    $822 below market
    • 115,310 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Family Trucks and Vans (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 8 miles away from Aurora, CO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB6LT157838
    Stock: B50879
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,990
    great price
    $2,319 below market
    • 90,965 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Acura Colorado Springs (58 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 58 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Popular Equipment GroupPanoramic RoofWheels: 17" X 7.0" Polished/Granite Pockets AlumKeyless StartRear SpoilerCalifornia EmissionsDiamond Black ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBBXKT756136
    Stock: KT756136
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 70,319 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Car Castle (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 59 miles away from Aurora, CO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB1LT189240
    Stock: 765478
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,995
    great price
    $4,899 below market
    • 118,317 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • HD Plus Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 7 miles away from Aurora, CO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDAB9KT807939
    Stock: 807939
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $18,998
    good price
    $2,022 below market
    • 15,739 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Southwest (13 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Littleton, CO / 13 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Transmission: 9-Speed 9Hp48 AutomaticSport Appearance PlusCold Weather GroupTech GroupWheels: 16" X 6.5" Silver Painted AluminumParksense Rear Pa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDAB1KT651718
    Stock: KT651718
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

    • 68,350 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • New Wave Auto Brokers (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Denver, CO / 10 miles away from Aurora, CO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB5LT148323
    Stock: 148323
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,418
    fair price
    $797 below market
    • 81,976 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Daniels Long Chevrolet (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 58 miles away from Aurora, CO

    THIS VEHICLE IS LOCATED AT DANIELS LONG CHEVROLET 670 AUTOMOTIVE DR 80905,PLEASE CALL (719)228-3500, Vehicle May have Hail/Repaired Hail "See Dealer f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB9KT656677
    Stock: 9981A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,999
    good price
    $1,317 below market
    • 90,611 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Dodge Ram Colorado Springs (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 50 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Popular Equipment GroupPower 8-Way Driver/Manual 6-Way Passenger SeatsKeyless StartRear SpoilerBlack; Premium Cloth/Vinyl Bucket SeatsEngine: 2.4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJCBB3KT851704
    Stock: KT851704
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

  • $17,690
    good price
    $1,422 below market
    • 56,008 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Jeep West (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Golden, CO / 19 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Safety & Security GroupPower LiftgateLeather SeatsKeyless StartRear SpoilerBillet Silver Metallic ClearcoatBlack; Leather Trimmed Bucket SeatsE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB3KT821896
    Stock: KT821896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • $15,000
    good price
    $1,869 below market
    • 85,233 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Jeep Arapahoe (5 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Englewood, CO / 5 miles away from Aurora, CO

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: all new tires! Leather SeatsKeyless StartRear SpoilerBillet Silver Metallic Clearco...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB6KT670907
    Stock: KT670907
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $14,800
    fair price
    $220 below market
    • 100,195 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Jeep Broadway (9 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Littleton, CO / 9 miles away from Aurora, CO

    Popular Equipment GroupLeather SeatsKeyless StartRear SpoilerBlack ClearcoatEngine: 2.4L I4 Zero Evap M-Air W/EssLaser Blue PearlcoatRuby Red/B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB1KT772082
    Stock: KT772082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $14,000
    good price
    $1,072 below market
    • 94,941 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • AutoNation Chrysler Jeep Arapahoe (5 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Englewood, CO / 5 miles away from Aurora, CO

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes! Transmission: 9-Speed 9Hp48 AutomaticPopular Equipment GroupCold Weather...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB6KT597508
    Stock: KT597508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,997
    fair price
    $38 below market
    • 44,936 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive Colorado Springs (49 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 49 miles away from Aurora, CO

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB1MT561081
    Stock: CMT561081
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,214 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Compass

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Compass
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (48%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (21%)
  • 1 star
    (14%)
5 out of 5 stars

after 1 year, better than described on web reviews

harry, 01/23/2020
2020 Jeep Compass Latitude 4dr SUV (2.4L 4cyl 6A)
2020 latitude, loaded. rides very well, very good acceleration. comfortable. and well made interior. transmission is perfect, not bad like reviewers said. much quicker than nissan of the same size.. i cant beleive uts nit the top rated in its category.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Jeep Compass in Aurora, CO Values

Estimated values
2020 Jeep Compass Trailhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (2.4L 4cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$12,910$15,018$17,047
Clean$12,576$14,624$16,595
Average$12,019$13,968$15,842
Rough$11,295$13,115$14,862

The average list price of a used 2020 Jeep Compass in Aurora, Colorado is $16,344. The average mileage on a used Jeep Compass 2020 for sale in Aurora, Colorado is 78,681. Based on the average mileage of 78,681 for used 2020 Jeep Compass for sale in Aurora, CO and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Compass 2020 in Aurora, Colorado to be $12,019.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.