Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
732 listings
  • Price Drop
    $8,999
    great price
    $3,998 below market
    • 56,869 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Spot (400 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 400 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA9LC427876
    Stock: 427876-76
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,000
    good price
    $2,307 below market
    • 6,961 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Cardinal Chevrolet (139 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Hurricane, WV / 139 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    2020 Chevrolet Spark LS Efficient & Practical Hatchback!Nightfall Gray Metallic | 30/38 MPG | Clean CARFAXLooking for a compact car that's easy t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA6LC421989
    Stock: P1979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,095
    good price
    $1,427 below market
    • 56,749 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Trust Auto (217 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Sykesville, MD / 217 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Looking for a clean, well-cared for Loaded 2020 Chevrolet Spark LS Hatchback? This is it. The best part about this well-maintained vehicle is that it ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA8LC421282
    Stock: 421282
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • $9,495
    great price
    $3,668 below market
    • 60,998 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Tacony Imports (325 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 325 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA0LC442329
    Stock: 3417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $9,500
    good price
    $1,491 below market
    • 71,997 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Boutique Ohio (251 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 251 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Carfax and Autocheck accident free.*Disclaimer*PRICE LISTED DOES NOT INCLUDE TAX (TAX RATE VARIES DEPENDING ON STATE, CITY, & COUNTY), TITLE ($20), TE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA6LC458749
    Stock: Y2546
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $8,931
    fair price
    $1,031 below market
    • 92,768 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Jeff Wyler Superior Hyundai (280 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 280 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Jeff Wyler Superior Hyundai is delighted to offer this great-looking 2020 Chevrolet Spark LS in Raspberry Metallic. Well equipped with: Preferred Equi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA0LC402323
    Stock: 6114065A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

  • $6,999
    good price
    $722 below market
    • 103,695 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 29 City / 38 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Auto Spot (400 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Wood-Ridge, NJ / 400 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Price includes all costs to be paid by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees, retail package, title and taxes. Any monetary discount...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CA6SA4LC406801
    Stock: 406801-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,840
    fair price
    $743 below market
    • 44,958 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Chevrolet (312 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Limerick, PA / 312 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Certified. 2020 Chevrolet Spark 1LT Red Hot Clean CARFAX. Clean Carfax Vehicle History, Rear view Camera, Bluetooth Hands-Free, USB / AUX Input to pla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA7LC458379
    Stock: 9960Y
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • $6,995
    good price
    $1,555 below market
    • 102,974 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Clear Choice Auto Sales (258 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Mechanicsburg, PA / 258 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Keep scrolling to learn a little more about us. *WARM, FRIENDLY CUSTOMER SERVICE *BETTER BUSINESS BUREAU A+ RATING *AREA'S BEST SELECTION OF VEHICLES...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA0LC471190
    Stock: FA6107
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $10,997
    fair price
    $1,331 below market
    • 47,020 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Brown-Daub Chevrolet (345 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Nazareth, PA / 345 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA3LC429516
    Stock: 9744P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • $14,998
    fair price
    $221 above market
    • 11,807 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Independence Boulevard (152 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 152 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA7LC454192
    Stock: 27187312
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $10,532
    fair price
    $142 below market
    • 101,138 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Autova (47 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Madison Heights, VA / 47 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Experience Urban Driving with the 2020 Chevrolet Spark 1LT: Compact, Efficient, and Stylish in Mosaic Black MetallicStep into the world of urban dr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA0LC441942
    Stock: 16100
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $13,969
    fair price
    $471 above market
    • 42,757 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Auction Direct USA (118 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 118 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Clean CARFAX. Auction Direct is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2020 Chevrolet Spark 1LT is loaded with t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA1LC402678
    Stock: AD01308
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,998
    fair price
    $1,010 above market
    • 44,640 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gaithersburg (201 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 201 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SAXLC415915
    Stock: 27484494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,295
    fair price
    $953 above market
    • 91,355 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Macon DriveTime (369 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Macon, GA / 369 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA1LC442551
    Stock: 1030306384
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • $13,995
    fair price
    $247 above market
    • 26,977 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Tom Naquin Chevrolet (445 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 445 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA3LC406943
    Stock: T7789A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 97,195 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • West 40 DriveTime (252 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 252 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA2LC419408
    Stock: 1420075678
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

    • 75,203 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Morrow DriveTime (357 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Morrow, GA / 357 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA3LC465118
    Stock: 1030304534
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 20,532 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Pittsburgh (227 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 227 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA3LC405534
    Stock: 2003973424
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 25,109 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (250 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 250 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA7LC453778
    Stock: 2003973906
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2025

    • 24,543 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Indianapolis (379 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 379 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA8LC471258
    Stock: 2003907656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 732 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Spark

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Spark
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars47 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 47 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4 out of 5 stars

My urban car

Bill, 03/12/2020
2020 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4dr Hatchback (1.4L 4cyl 5M)
The Spark is exactly what it is intended to be--an urban run-about! I find it to be attractive in looks and efficient to drive. The visibility is great and I have no complaints. It is a small car and that is what I expected.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Chevrolet Spark in Roanoke, VA Values

Estimated values
2020 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4dr Hatchback (1.4L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$8,923$11,274$13,539
Clean$8,627$10,893$13,075
Average$8,132$10,258$12,300
Rough$7,490$9,433$11,293

The average list price of a used 2020 Chevrolet Spark in Roanoke, Virginia is $12,319. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Spark 2020 for sale in Roanoke, Virginia is 57,440. Based on the average mileage of 57,440 for used 2020 Chevrolet Spark for sale in Roanoke, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Spark 2020 in Roanoke, Virginia to be $8,132.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.