Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
624 listings
    • 15,395 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Vern Eide Acura (200 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sioux Falls, SD / 200 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Recent Arrival! USB PORT!, BLUETOOTH!, REARVIEW / BACKUP CAMERA!, Acura CERTIFIED!, GREAT VEHICLE HISTORY!, LOCAL TRADE!, ONE OWNER!, REMAINING FULL F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H02RL021024
    Stock: AV17417
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 19,805 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 850 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H05RL018912
    Stock: 27278616
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $64,995
    fair price
    $1,432 above market
    • 7,318 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • White Bear Subaru (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Vadnais Heights, MN / 14 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Type S w/Advance Package trim. CARFAX 1-Owner, In Good Shape. Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Third Row Seat, Aluminum Wheels, Turbo Charged Engine,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YD8H87RL000543
    Stock: P23143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • $44,989
    good price
    $811 below market
    • 37,752 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 601 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Jake Sweeney Is Here to Help! If you are in need of a new or used vehicle, we are offering you the ability to shop online and have your vehicle delive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H48RL004103
    Stock: D79891
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $44,998
    fair price
    $855 below market
    • 23,132 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,510 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YD9H44RL003435
    Stock: 27456862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $46,587
    fair price
    $626 below market
    • 25,356 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 736 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H42RL019809
    Stock: A019809C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 15,871 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Bloomington Acura (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, MN / 12 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CARFAX 1-Owner, Acura Certified. JUST REPRICED FROM $56,989. w/Advance Package trim, Performance Red Pearl exterior and Parchment interior. Heated Lea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H80RL034070
    Stock: L67118
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • $52,989
    fair price
    $1,059 above market
    • 16,437 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Bloomington Acura (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, MN / 12 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CARFAX 1-Owner, Acura Certified. $400 below J.D. Power Retail! Platinum White Pearl exterior and Ebony interior, w/A-Spec Package trim. Heated Leather...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H09RL029377
    Stock: L67239
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $47,998
    good price
    $1,143 below market
    • 22,318 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KY to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 616 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H07RL000671
    Stock: 26765151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $46,420
    fair price
    $43 below market
    • 31,857 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Johnston, IA / 232 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Keeping Assist...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H44RL011162
    Stock: RL011162A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $51,690
    fair price
    $1,153 above market
    • 17,994 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Luther INFINITI of Bloomington (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, MN / 12 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Non-Smoker vehicle, Heated Leather Seats, Third Row Seat, Nav System, Aluminum Wheels, All Wheel Drive. DISCOVER THE LUTHER ADVANTAGEThe Luther Advant...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H0XRL020137
    Stock: P9232A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,999
    good price
    $1,468 below market
    • 99,536 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ames, IA / 208 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H41EB040567
    Stock: EB040567L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $53,998
    fair price
    $112 above market
    • 3,977 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 1,534 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H85RL022819
    Stock: 27428876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $51,998
    fair price
    $733 above market
    • 7,863 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 959 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H00RL001015
    Stock: 27118983
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $46,998
    fair price
    $351 below market
    • 8,135 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,294 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YD9H44RL003032
    Stock: 27262649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 8,624 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,065 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YD9H42RL004745
    Stock: 27444770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $43,590
    fair price
    $530 above market
    • 16,092 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 696 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YD9H35RL004231
    Stock: 2003741949
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $47,990
    fair price
    $496 below market
    • 14,252 miles
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 957 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H40RL013331
    Stock: 2003826067
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $48,998
    fair price
    $506 above market
    • 14,202 miles
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 900 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H42RL006669
    Stock: 27268391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 18,617 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 696 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H43RL018071
    Stock: 2003796971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $16,998
    fair price
    $505 above market
    • 99,231 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Visalia, CA / 1,485 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H40EB008614
    Stock: 27288887
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 484 - 504 out of 624 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura MDX

Read recent reviews for the Acura MDX
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (66%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
5 out of 5 stars

Still solid after 4 years, 36k

Tom, 02/10/2019
2019 Acura MDX SH-AWD 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 9A)
Solid proven well appointed, good size, excellent technology package, 20 inch tires, very comfortable. Beats my Mercedes ml class. No real extras. best price thru Edmunds After4 years and 36k, not a single problem. Great
Report abuse

Used 2024 Acura MDX in Minneapolis, MN Values

Estimated values
2024 Acura MDX 4dr SUV AWD w/A-Spec Package (3.5L 6cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$42,032$43,537$45,361
Clean$41,637$43,087$44,849
Average$40,978$42,336$43,996
Rough$40,122$41,360$42,887

The average list price of a used 2024 Acura MDX in Minneapolis, Minnesota is $46,560. The average mileage on a used Acura MDX 2024 for sale in Minneapolis, Minnesota is 24,941. Based on the average mileage of 24,941 for used 2024 Acura MDX for sale in Minneapolis, MN and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura MDX 2024 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to be $40,978.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.