Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,029 listings
  • $32,450
    fair price
    $16 below market
    • 59,189 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Mungenast St Louis Acura (152 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manchester, MO / 152 miles away from Peoria, IL

    CLEAN CARFAX!, Advanced Safety Features!, Blind Spot Monitors!, Navigation, 3rd Row!, 4WD!, Moonroof, Heated and Cooled Leather Seats, Bluetooth, Back...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1H5162340
    Stock: 12207P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,900
    great price
    $3,195 below market
    • 115,072 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Go Indy Automotive (192 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 192 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0H5170056
    Stock: 0395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,995
    fair price
    $381 above market
    • 75,588 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Woodfield Lexus (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 123 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FXXH5153345
    Stock: 241401B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $31,998
    fair price
    $280 below market
    • 95,883 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Kenosha (155 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 155 miles away from Peoria, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FXXH5166124
    Stock: 27268170
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $30,730
    good price
    $2,181 below market
    • 73,353 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Titan Auto Sales (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Worth, IL / 116 miles away from Peoria, IL

    Introducing the 2017 Lexus GX 460 Luxury, where sophistication meets rugged capability in a harmonious blend of style, power, and comfort. This except...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX7H5167103
    Stock: R6605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $31,499
    fair price
    $34 below market
    • 59,611 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (500 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 500 miles away from Peoria, IL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigation S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0H5156299
    Stock: V156299A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $31,999
    good price
    $1,668 below market
    • 72,639 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Fair Oaks Ford Lincoln (104 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 104 miles away from Peoria, IL

    Starfire Pearl 2017 Lexus GX 460 Luxury 4WD 6-Speed Automatic with Sequential Shift ECT 4.6L V8 DOHC Dual VVT-i 32V GX 460 Luxury, 4.6L V8 DOHC Dual V...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX6H5150227
    Stock: K6624
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,941
    fair price
    $763 above market
    • 80,454 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Burnsville Toyota (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Burnsville, MN / 337 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX7H5161161
    Stock: 1035735
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

    • 13,581 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Naperville (106 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 106 miles away from Peoria, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX2H5166022
    Stock: 27246213
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 99,300 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Chicago (117 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 117 miles away from Peoria, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX8H5180947
    Stock: 2003851285
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,869
    good price
    $1,478 below market
    • 178,711 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Landers Family Pre-owned (448 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bryant, AR / 448 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX2H5165439
    Stock: A649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 113,736 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Cincinnati (285 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 285 miles away from Peoria, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0H5174575
    Stock: 26484726
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 42,010 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Kansas City (285 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 285 miles away from Peoria, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX9H5165210
    Stock: 2003814435
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 126,452 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Car City (130 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Palatine, IL / 130 miles away from Peoria, IL

    2017 Lexus GX460 1 Owner Clean Carfax Immaculate 4WD LoadedCar City Inc 2232 N Rand Rd, Palatine, IL 60074Call: (847) 496-4250 Visit: www.carci...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX5H5149915
    Stock: 6165
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 121,466 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • McCarthy Blue Springs Hyundai (274 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Blue Springs, MO / 274 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FXXH5153863
    Stock: UH5104G
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

    • 126,662 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Nashville (351 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 351 miles away from Peoria, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX6H5159398
    Stock: 27167167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 59,060 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Seeger Toyota of St. Robert (240 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Saint Robert, MO / 240 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX4H5150389
    Stock: P10841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $27,914
    great price
    $3,411 below market
    • 83,555 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton's Schaumburg Subaru (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 122 miles away from Peoria, IL

    Recent Arrival! Low payments available! Clean Carfax history, buy with confidence! Extra clean, don't miss this one! Great service records - take anot...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX2J5187477
    Stock: R491572B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,450
    great price
    $4,050 below market
    • 60,021 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (356 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 356 miles away from Peoria, IL

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,HD Radio,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX9J5204808
    Stock: J5204808A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 75,843 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Unisell Auto (332 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, NE / 332 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX4H5154345
    Stock: NL154345
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $15,855
    fair price
    $639 below market
    • 209,913 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Chippewa Valley Mazda (304 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chippewa Falls, WI / 304 miles away from Peoria, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX5G5145020
    Stock: MB22857
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,029 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus GX 460

Read recent reviews for the Lexus GX 460
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (42%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great overall SUV, if you want an SUV

Jim, 10/11/2017
2017 Lexus GX 460 Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A)
I wanted a true SUV and not a crossover, so that pretty much limited my choices to Jeep, Lexus, and Land Rover (I know there are others like the G waggen, but these are the ones I considered). Although I had and loved a Grand Cherokee ZJ limited, I don't really like the size, comfort or look of the modern Grand Cherokee, so that was not an option. I own a land rover Discovery 2, and … although I love it, it is not the most reliable car. The newest generation, the new discovery 5, was louder, uglier and felt less comfortable then the GX. The Velar has a nicer dashboard, but no 4Lo or locking differential AND it is a lot smaller. The Range Rover and Range Rover Sport are both more expensive and neither felt all that much more comfortable then the GX (tbh, I think the GX rides better). In addition, it seems that every rover dealership has a few buy backs for sale and my experience with land rover dealerships leaves a lot to desired. So I decided those were not for me. Then there was the GX. Large, strong, dependable, good looking, locking center dif, quiet and comfortable. Is it a sports car? No. But it definitely holds it's own on the highway and up winding mountain roads. It's large enough to haul 4 ( as many as 7) people and a lot of stuff without a worry (both on and off road). Only down sided is that it is NOT fuel efficient. The front seats are not as plush as in my 1995 grand cheorkee limited, but still better than most other SUVs. Now at 20k I can say I haven't had to take the car back to the dealer for any repairs Update: I have 75k miles on it now. Still reliable. Seats not all that comfortable and storage is limited. Other than that, I have no complaints. It does great in snow, mud and gravel. Ok on high. Not very fuel efficient
Report abuse

Used 2017 Lexus GX 460 in Peoria, IL Values

Estimated values
2017 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$22,962$26,282$28,830
Clean$22,320$25,513$27,948
Average$21,249$24,230$26,479
Rough$19,857$22,562$24,568

The average list price of a used 2017 Lexus GX 460 in Peoria, Illinois is $29,181. The average mileage on a used Lexus GX 460 2017 for sale in Peoria, Illinois is 92,481. Based on the average mileage of 92,481 for used 2017 Lexus GX 460 for sale in Peoria, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus GX 460 2017 in Peoria, Illinois to be $21,249.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.