Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
662 listings
  • New Listing
    • 110,280 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irvine, CA / 1,016 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H32DH516261
    Stock: 27383116
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 122,616 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gainsville, GA / 2,179 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H25DH524541
    Stock: 26409370
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 95,402 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NJ to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sicklersville, NJ / 2,380 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H29DH516460
    Stock: 27223375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 103,727 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ellicott City, MD / 2,312 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H21DH502312
    Stock: 26856274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 207,376 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Daytona Motor Co (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 12 miles away from Everett, WA

    2011 ACURA MDX SH-AWD TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE – All-Wheel Drive, 6-Speed Automatic Transmission CLEAN title, 3.7L V6 engine producing 300 hp and 270 lb-ft...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H4XBH523979
    Stock: 523979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 139,261 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Autobon Auto Sales (169 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 169 miles away from Everett, WA

    Get ready to elevate your driving experience with this sleek and stylish Black 2013 Acura MDX! Powered by a robust 3.7L VTEC V6 engine and controlled ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H38DH517866
    Stock: 139261AM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,180 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 723 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H33DH523655
    Stock: 27236436
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 149,082 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Capitol City Honda (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Olympia, WA / 73 miles away from Everett, WA

    Clean CARFAX.This 2011 Crystal Black Pearl Acura MDX 3.7L Advance Package AWD SH-AWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits:Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H73BH000149
    Stock: N2645A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 163,402 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Daytona Motor Co (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 12 miles away from Everett, WA

    Acura MDX SH AWD with 3rd Row Seating Clean title, well maintained, AWD, leather, heated seats, backup camera, full power options, 7 passenger, sunr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H28BH504197
    Stock: 504197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 126,491 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Bellingham Truck Center (66 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynden, WA / 66 miles away from Everett, WA

    This Acura MDX SH-AWD w/Advance w/RES, with a 3.7L V6 300hp 270ft. lbs. engine, features a 6-Speed Shiftable Automatic transmission. Find this vehicle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H70BH004188
    Stock: BTC0363
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 28,305 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Dick's Canby Ford (188 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Canby, OR / 188 miles away from Everett, WA

    Majestic Black Pearl AWD 3.5L V6 SOHC i-VTEC 24V 10-Speed Automatic Ebony Leather, 16 Speakers, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 4.17 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H81PL018439
    Stock: PL018439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 162,704 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • LEONARD EVANS CARS (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wenatchee, WA / 94 miles away from Everett, WA

    Protect the vehicle from unwanted accidents with a cutting edge backup camera system. Night driving with HID Xenon headlamps is a breeze in this unit....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H64DH000042
    Stock: 000042
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,873 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Renton (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 36 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H85PL038287
    Stock: 27099843
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 114,985 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,522 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H23DH506510
    Stock: 27322535
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 126,686 miles
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lithia Springs, GA / 2,166 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H37DH513601
    Stock: 26915319
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 113,119 miles
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,911 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H33DH508685
    Stock: 27011464
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 99,807 miles
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 2,317 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H30DH522138
    Stock: 26819152
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 105,099 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 2,301 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H22DH511617
    Stock: 27248834
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 82,116 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from RI to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cranston, RI / 2,475 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H41DH524683
    Stock: 27320406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 92,949 miles
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 2,312 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H66DH524096
    Stock: 27291008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 59,545 miles
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 980 miles away from Everett, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD2H34DH524748
    Stock: 27222840
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 337 - 357 out of 662 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura MDX

Read recent reviews for the Acura MDX
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars91 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 91 reviews
  • 5 star
    (45%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (12%)
5 out of 5 stars

My favorite MDX so far

Nancy, 07/14/2017
2017 Acura MDX Advance Package 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 9A)
I've owned 2004, 2010 and now the 2017 Acura MDX. The 2017 is an awesome car. I looked at the Infinity QX60 and Audi Q7, and I thought the MDX drove the nicest and was the most comfortable. The improvements between the 2010 and 2017 were many. The handling is better, the seats are comfortable, the 4 captain chairs are great, the sun shield are handy, the rear camera and views are … very helpful. I am averaging 27mpg (on the 2010 I averaged 18mpg) I think the fit and finish is way better with the 2017 model. The sensors work, almost too good. I have noticed that when I'm driving back roads and have a sharp right turn and there is a vehicle is approaching at the turn, the "brake" sensor illuminates. I do not mind the engine energy saving when at a complete stop, I've learned to anticipate when to let the foot off the brake to restart the car and continue on my way. I was concerned about purchasing the MDX after reading some of the reviews here, and I'm so glad that made the decision to buy it. Update: I still own the 2017 MDX. I still enjoy driving it. The seating is comfortable and the controls are convenient. The MDX is different from the previous models and I've had to change my acceleration habit to conform to this automobile. When I accelerate, it needs to be deliberate to avoid a hesitation when start from a stopped position. It's not a big deal and I've gotten used to it. I still do not care for the "brake" sensor, but I have learned that the sensor only senses the direct line of sight, so now I've adapted my driving to help prevent the sensor from detecting a "brake" condition where there isn't one. The gas mileage is much improved over the previous models, If I drive 55-58mph (speed limit) I average 31mpg and I'm happy with that. Update: I've owned the MDX for 9 months and have been able to drive it in winter conditions. The MDX handles Michigan winters flawlessly. I appreciate the Auto Start to warm up the car before I get in it, the seats and steering wheel are warm and toasty when it below zero outside. The 4 captains chairs available with the Advanced package have turned out to be great. There is more room in the 2nd row since the chairs can be adjusted and I do not feel bad having a couple sit back there because of the ample leg room. All in all, the MDX is a great car. I will own it for years. Update 1/21: I still own this car. I tend to hold onto cars if they don't give me any problems, this car has been simple to maintain and problem free. I still like it The car handles wonderfully, decent gas mileage and I don't plan on getting a new car for several more years.
Report abuse

Used 2013 Acura MDX in Everett, WA Values

Estimated values
2013 Acura MDX Technology Package 4dr SUV AWD (3.7L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$8,490$13,009$15,620
Clean$8,115$12,363$14,761
Average$7,490$11,286$13,330
Rough$6,677$9,886$11,470

The average list price of a used 2013 Acura MDX in Everett, Washington is $17,952. The average mileage on a used Acura MDX 2013 for sale in Everett, Washington is 109,381. Based on the average mileage of 109,381 for used 2013 Acura MDX for sale in Everett, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura MDX 2013 in Everett, Washington to be $7,490.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.