Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,596 listings
  • New Listing
    • 100,235 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 529 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGG9GT111232
    Stock: 27444543
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 86,855 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Chicago (431 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 431 miles away from Springfield, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB5JT243828
    Stock: 2003490055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 83,989 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,531 miles away from Springfield, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB8GT187506
    Stock: 2003697682
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 99,885 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to MO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Federal Heights, CO / 659 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEG6GT244345
    Stock: 26254517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 86,996 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Milwaukie, OR / 1,611 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGBXGT215586
    Stock: 26708359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 106,491 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to MO*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 867 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB3GT173870
    Stock: 27286688
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 79,806 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MO*
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 1,567 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB0GT223012
    Stock: 26505437
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 75,536 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to MO*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, PA / 938 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCABXGT102956
    Stock: 27460265
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 68,033 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Indianapolis (427 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 427 miles away from Springfield, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDGG0JT514688
    Stock: 2003758958
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 58,573 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 1,567 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDGG4GT111368
    Stock: 26505707
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 62,457 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Temple DriveTime (480 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Temple, TX / 480 miles away from Springfield, MO

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB7JT236329
    Stock: 1380094474
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 99,381 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MO*
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 1,368 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB7GT180920
    Stock: 27093125
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 91,919 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to MO*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in West Carrollton, OH / 521 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDDEGXGT248320
    Stock: 27111027
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $8,298
    fair price
    $127 above market
    • 125,510 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Belk Ford (286 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Oxford, MS / 286 miles away from Springfield, MO

    1-Year SiriusXM Radio Service, 17" Wheel Covers, 17" x 6.5" Steel Wheels, 2nd Row 40/60 Tilt & Slide Seat, 3rd Row 50/50 Fold/Reclining Seat, 4-Wheel ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB0GT169176
    Stock: F5668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 129,062 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Edwards Auto Sales (137 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Roland, OK / 137 miles away from Springfield, MO

    Get ready for an unforgettable journey in this sleek and stylish White 2016 Dodge Journey! With a fuel-efficient 2.4L I4 engine under the hood, you'll...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGB2GT240921
    Stock: 240921A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 69,818 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to MO*
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 522 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB3GT240273
    Stock: 27112353
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $8,500
    great price
    $3,524 below market
    • 98,877 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Car Gallery (260 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 260 miles away from Springfield, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCGG6HT594566
    Stock: 594566
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

    • 73,250 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Automotive (351 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Lewisville, TX / 351 miles away from Springfield, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB8FT632311
    Stock: 632311
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 119,288 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (385 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 385 miles away from Springfield, MO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,Steel Wheels,Power Door Locks,Satellite Rad...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB6ET267397
    Stock: 10617TV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 100,238 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gillespie Ford (458 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 458 miles away from Springfield, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCBB7ET183524
    Stock: 250160A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

    • 125,798 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Easy Auto (498 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 498 miles away from Springfield, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4PDCAB8GT234274
    Stock: 64490
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

Showing 169 - 189 out of 1,596 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Journey

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Journey
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (61%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (21%)
5 out of 5 stars

Crossroad plus more than expected

McD2000, 07/24/2016
2016 Dodge Journey Crossroad Plus 4dr SUV (2.4L 4cyl 4A)
I have had my Red Crossroad plus for four months and 5500 miles now and love it. I got the 4cyl engine due to special pricing, the engine is a 4 cyl but does better than I thought it would. The ride is top notch and it is very quiet inside, not that much road noise. i traded in a 2010 Honda Accord, a car that I really liked but its road noise was big distraction. The journey is very … quiet and has a tight supple ride. Handling is crisp and steering is nice. Lots of space inside, it looks much bigger inside than it looks on the outside. The crossroad plus has all the bell and whistles, love the nav system and the backup camera. The vehicle turns heads as i drive by. It is a splendid road trip vehicle. We took a trip from Texas to Utah and Colorado and had a wonderful time and love the Journey. So far no problems with the car. Very happy with this vehicle. 11-24-16. Update. four more months have come and gone since the last review and I just love the Journey that much more. I now have 8000 miles on it and the gas milage is even better as it gets broken in. Still no problems what so ever and as quiet and comfortable as ever. FIVE STARS PLUS great job Dodge!
Report abuse

Used 2016 Dodge Journey in Springfield, MO Values

Estimated values
2016 Dodge Journey Crossroad Plus 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$6,267$9,555$11,895
Clean$5,963$9,067$11,259
Average$5,455$8,253$10,199
Rough$4,794$7,196$8,821

The average list price of a used 2016 Dodge Journey in Springfield, Missouri is $12,949. The average mileage on a used Dodge Journey 2016 for sale in Springfield, Missouri is 92,476. Based on the average mileage of 92,476 for used 2016 Dodge Journey for sale in Springfield, MO and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Journey 2016 in Springfield, Missouri to be $5,455.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.