Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,977 listings
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 47,085 miles
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Keller Bros Ford Lititz (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lititz, PA / 194 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H0XNL017720
    Stock: 8790A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    • 93,442 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Automotive Network (134 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Croydon, PA / 134 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YD4H56LL019901
    Stock: 3619
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    • 57,176 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Key Acura of Portsmouth (162 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portsmouth, NH / 162 miles away from New Haven, CT

    2022 Acura MDX A-Spec SH-AWD A-Spec SH-AWD Please call 603-319-0474 or come to Key Acura of Portsmouth today! Red Leather. This MDX A-Spec is nicely e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H03NL031412
    Stock: A21766A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,000
    great price
    $3,003 below market
    • 37,850 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Habberstad BMW of Bay Shore (45 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 45 miles away from New Haven, CT

    This 2023 Acura MDX w/A-Spec Package, has a Platinum White Pearl exterior and a Ebony interior. Please call us at 888-928-1945 and reference st...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H07PL017936
    Stock: L017936U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 39,066 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Key Acura of Atlantic City (158 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Egg Harbor Township, NJ / 158 miles away from New Haven, CT

    2023 Acura MDX Technology Majestic Black Pearl Certified.Call Key Acura of Atlantic City, part of the Key Auto Group at (609) 566-8370 today! Ebony Le...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H40PL006196
    Stock: P12680A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $36,990
    great price
    $2,935 below market
    • 41,703 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Elite Mitsubishi (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Jamaica, NY / 63 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Advertised price does not include tax, title, license inspection, finance charges, lender fees (if applicable). To take advantage of advertised pricin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H4XPL012345
    Stock: EU1710
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 23,690 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ira Acura Westwood (109 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westwood, MA / 109 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Platinum White Pearl exterior and Parchment interior. Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Third Row Seat, Aluminum Wheels, Moonroof, Panoramic Roof, Ser...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H47PL019236
    Stock: PL019236
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,994
    great price
    $2,783 below market
    • 76,566 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (77 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Middletown, NY / 77 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H34PL002191
    Stock: PL002191T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $44,449
    great price
    $2,657 below market
    • 6,386 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lynnes Hyundai (75 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 75 miles away from New Haven, CT

    This 2023 Acura MDX has passed the Lynnes comprehensive 172 point inspection with flying colors. Our ASE certified technicians have inspected this MDX...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H86PL038850
    Stock: HE8189P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-10-2025

  • $5,500
    good price
    $1,511 below market
    • 171,149 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Papa's Dodge Jeep Chrysler Ram (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in New Britain, CT / 25 miles away from New Haven, CT

    *** Attention: Wholesale Vehicle. Sold AS-IS; no warranty. Currently not road-ready so buyer pays for inspection & desired repairs. Lot test drive. Ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD282X9H515910
    Stock: U14575C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 158,321 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • A & R Used Cars (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Clayton, NJ / 161 miles away from New Haven, CT

    WELCOME TO COME SEE! PLEASE READ BEFORE-CONTACTING A&R WE DO NOT OFFER ANY FINANCING ONLY CASH / DEBIT CARD / CREDIT CARD 2009 ACURA MDX SH-AWD VIN: 2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD28239H503517
    Stock: 503517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $40,225
    great price
    $2,277 below market
    • 33,319 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Acura Of Bay Shore (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 43 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Majestic Black Pearl exterior and Ebony interior. Heated Leather Seats, Navigation, Third Row Seat, Back-Up Camera, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, Moonroof...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H47PL004574
    Stock: T21291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,309
    good price
    $1,981 below market
    • 27,295 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Route 23 Honda (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Pompton Plains, NJ / 74 miles away from New Haven, CT

    * * This Vehicle is Fully Reconditioned at our State of the Art Service & Recon Center * *, Oil Change, Front Brake Pads / Rotors, Rear Brake Pads / R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H41PL042270
    Stock: H11574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 160,102 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Premium Auto Center (141 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Whitehall, PA / 141 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD28499H519772
    Stock: 519772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-26-2024

  • $45,995
    fair price
    $1,020 above market
    • 14,730 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Acura of Ramsey (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 64 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Fathom Blue Pearl exterior and Graystone interior. Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Third Row Seat, Aluminum Wheels, Moonroof, Panoramic Roof. KEY ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H42PL029771
    Stock: T4494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • $46,995
    fair price
    $866 above market
    • 18,665 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Acura Of Bay Shore (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 43 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Platinum White Pearl exterior and Red interior. Nav System, Third Row Seat, Heated/Cooled Leather Seats, Back-Up Camera, Rear Air, Aluminum Wheels, Pa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H07PL035210
    Stock: P21708
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,426
    good price
    $1,891 below market
    • 9,459 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ira Acura Westwood (109 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westwood, MA / 109 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Majestic Black Pearl exterior and Red interior. Heated Leather Seats, Nav System, Third Row Seat, Aluminum Wheels, Moonroof, Panoramic Roof, Serviced ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H03PL025967
    Stock: PL025967
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • $44,995
    fair price
    $916 above market
    • 21,352 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Acura Of Bay Shore (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bay Shore, NY / 43 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Liquid Carbon Metallic exterior and Ebony interior. Navigation, Third Row Seat, Heated Leather Seats, Back-Up Camera, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, Moonro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H49PL002471
    Stock: T21651
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $45,650
    good price
    $2,071 below market
    • 29,304 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Lia Toyota of Wilbraham (62 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wilbraham, MA / 62 miles away from New Haven, CT

    Performance Red Pearl 2023 Acura MDX Advance SH-AWD 3.5L V6 SOHC i-VTEC 24V 10-Speed Automatic AWDOne Owner *, Clean Car-Fax *, Service Records Availa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H89PL018575
    Stock: PL018575TL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 130,150 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • BM MotorCars (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Linden, NJ / 85 miles away from New Haven, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD28497H518456
    Stock: 518456K01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,995
    fair price
    $470 below market
    • 15,642 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (64 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Paramus, NJ / 64 miles away from New Haven, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5J8YE1H09PL031207
    Stock: PHK2506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1,072 - 1,092 out of 1,977 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura MDX

Read recent reviews for the Acura MDX
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars65 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 65 reviews
  • 5 star
    (35%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
1 out of 5 stars

Bad Transmission

Diane, 05/17/2016
2015 Acura MDX Technology Package 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
I bought a used 2015 Acura MDX. You can feel the transmission changing with every gear. At slow speeds the car feels like it is missing. Took to dealer and software was updated but still same problem. Returned to dealer and was told it had an adaptable transmission and to drive it until it got used to the way I drove. I have driven it about 2,000 miles and still the same problem. … Very disappointed as I thought Acura was a great car. Has anyone else had this problem?
Report abuse

Used 2022 Acura MDX in New Haven, CT Values

Estimated values
2022 Acura MDX SH-AWD A-Spec 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,941$33,568$35,264
Clean$31,516$33,104$34,757
Average$30,807$32,329$33,912
Rough$29,884$31,321$32,814

The average list price of a used 2022 Acura MDX in New Haven, Connecticut is $36,254. The average mileage on a used Acura MDX 2022 for sale in New Haven, Connecticut is 57,736. Based on the average mileage of 57,736 for used 2022 Acura MDX for sale in New Haven, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura MDX 2022 in New Haven, Connecticut to be $30,807.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.