Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
948 listings
  • $14,999
    good price
    $1,352 below market
    • 165,553 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bonita Auto Sales (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Meridian, MS / 357 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Bonita Auto Sales LLC Sales 1719 MS-39 Meridian, MS 39301 6**-4**-2*** Visit Bonita Auto Sales LLC online at bonitaautosales.com to see more picture...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX6B5030486
    Stock: 030486
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2025

    • 182,018 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • DriveTown (75 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 75 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX7B5030749
    Stock: 12118
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 76,040 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Houston North (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 80 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Sun/Moonroof3rd Row SeatPreferred Accessory PackageCargo-Area Tonneau CoverExhaust TipHeadlamp WashersKeyless StartRear SpoilerBlack; Syntheti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX3K5220522
    Stock: K5220522
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
    • 37,817 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Lexus Plano (262 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 262 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FXXK5229699
    Stock: PLD252909A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 159,405 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Lewisville Cars (266 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lewisville, TX / 266 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Brakes checked Fender liner replaced/repaired Emissions inspection performed Oil and filter changed Safety inspection performed Read More

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX7B5020075
    Stock: 020075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $27,551
    good price
    $1,997 below market
    • 90,193 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Price LeBlanc Lexus (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 184 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    BARGAIN BUYS ARE NON NEGOTIABLE UNITS DUE TO AGE/MILEAGE/AVAILIBILITYThis 2017 Lexus GX 460 in Starfire Pearl with Ecru leather interior is a local tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0H5175936
    Stock: LL175936
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

    • 91,265 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Garland (245 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 245 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0K5217030
    Stock: 27279015
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 175,343 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Haven (255 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 255 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX1B5024705
    Stock: 024705
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

    • 108,877 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Car Place Dallas (257 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 257 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Available only at Car Place Dallas. Call (4**) 6**-7*** now to schedule your appointment.2017 Lexus GX 460 Black Onyx | Black NuLuxe | 4WD | Premium P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1H5156277
    Stock: H5156277
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

    • 83,349 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation USA Houston (80 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 80 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: all new tires! Sun/Moonroof3rd Row SeatPreferred Accessory PackageCargo-Area Tonnea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FXXK5224129
    Stock: K5224129
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 133,713 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Luna Car Center (267 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 267 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FXXK5239438
    Stock: LCC15638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 71,571 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Houston Greenway (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 84 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Sun/Moonroof3rd Row SeatAll-Weather Floor Mats W/Cargo MatPreferred Accessory PackageCargo-Area Tonneau CoverExhaust TipHeadlamp WashersKeyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1K5217294
    Stock: K5217294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 126,206 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Friendly Ford of Crosby (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Crosby, TX / 59 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1H5162841
    Stock: H5162841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 102,502 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • North Park Lexus At Dominion (272 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 272 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX3K5218902
    Stock: UD5218902
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $29,875
    good price
    $1,674 below market
    • 70,217 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Price LeBlanc Lexus (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 184 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    The 2017 Lexus GX blends rugged performance with refined luxury, featuring a sleek black exterior and elegant parchment leather interior. Powered by a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX5H5170182
    Stock: LE170182
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

    • 170,232 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Giant Auto Mart 2 (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 87 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    2011 LEXUS GX460 Base AWD 4dr SUV -------------------------------------------------- ONE OF THE BEST 3RD ROW LUXURY UVS EVER DESIGNED AND MADE. Come c...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0B5032833
    Stock: 5032833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-19-2024

  • $30,634
    good price
    $2,173 below market
    • 59,611 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 1,074 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Demand,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigation S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX0H5156299
    Stock: V156299A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,590
    fair price
    $9 above market
    • 74,409 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,080 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX7H5157868
    Stock: 2003618375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

    • 157,712 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Texas Truck Sales (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dickinson, TX / 73 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1B5022361
    Stock: 022361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2024

  • Stock photo**
    $29,701
    good price
    $2,241 below market
    • 103,787 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Cannon Chevrolet (329 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, MS / 329 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FX8H5162167
    Stock: P12388B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-29-2025

  • $30,999
    fair price
    $50 below market
    • 73,890 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Robinson Brothers Ford Lincoln (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 183 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1H5176268
    Stock: D120NH5
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

Showing 190 - 210 out of 948 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus GX 460

Read recent reviews for the Lexus GX 460
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (22%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
4 out of 5 stars

This SUV is for people who want a luxury truck

David S, 08/09/2017
2011 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A)
I own the older GX470 That was a car. This is a truck. Its basically a Landcruiser Prado in a tuxedo. Its big. It's comfortable. The stock radio is great. The Bluetooth is excellent . It's power train is smooth. ...I didn't say great. Here is the one problem. It's not underpowered. Not at all. The problem is the gear ratio. On moderating steep hills, whether going up or down, the … gearing is tuned for gas savings So there is no downshifting in time. In other words, the engine is laboring uphill wanting to get to higher rpm and then down hill it won't shift down for any engine breaking. Hard on breaks. The solution is to shift the knob over to manual and go up or down as needed. It's quite pleasant driving it that way. But that's me. I drove a shift for many years . I can see why some reviewers were freaked out by the too large gearing ratio. That being said this is a badass truck. If you keep your cars a long time like me, you will probably die before this vehicle does if you maintain it per schedule. I would want my kids to drive a Landcruiser or Prado over anything else on the planet for their comfort and safety They will likely inherit this one. That's why they are no cheap. That's why it's got 5 stars for reliability on most car websites. But the odd ratio gear tuning really does improve mpg. On the highway driving 65-70 I get a consistent 19.8 to 20.1 mpg Around town it's about 16 give or take a bit If you can deal with shifting yourself on steep hills, there is nothing more comfortable or reliable on the planet other than a Landcruiser or LX itself
Report abuse

Used 2011 Lexus GX 460 in Beaumont, TX Values

Estimated values
2011 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,155$15,782$17,413
Clean$12,481$14,862$16,279
Average$11,358$13,328$14,389
Rough$9,897$11,333$11,933

The average list price of a used 2011 Lexus GX 460 in Beaumont, Texas is $26,169. The average mileage on a used Lexus GX 460 2011 for sale in Beaumont, Texas is 110,177. Based on the average mileage of 110,177 for used 2011 Lexus GX 460 for sale in Beaumont, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus GX 460 2011 in Beaumont, Texas to be $11,358.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.