Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,968 listings
  • Price Drop
    $6,389
    fair price
    $198 below market
    • 145,346 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Car City (324 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 324 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVJED4BJ229541
    Stock: L3800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,980
    fair price
    $101 below market
    • 94,553 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Garnet Volkswagen of West Chester (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in West Chester, PA / 459 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD3HJ226212
    Stock: V2692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $7,950
    good price
    $716 below market
    • 150,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Morelock Motors (322 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Maryville, TN / 322 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    LT, V6 Auto AWD 150k Miles, Power Windows/locks/mirrors/seats, cruise, 3rd Row Stock # 3175 Call me 8**-6**-2*** Morelock Motors 2525 East Lamar Alexa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD2FJ307649
    Stock: 307649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $7,700
    fair price
    $575 below market
    • 170,956 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Coastal Carolina Cars (11 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 11 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRHKD2FJ116095
    Stock: 116095
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $6,995
    fair price
    $378 below market
    • 159,157 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • American and Foreign Auto Sales (473 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Pennsauken Township, NJ / 473 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Visit American and Foreign Auto Sales online at americanandforeignauto.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 8**-2**-7*** today ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRFKD8FJ185703
    Stock: 185703
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $13,900
    fair price
    $553 below market
    • 42,251 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Rohrich Honda (467 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 467 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Recent Arrival! Third Row Seating, Blue Tooth, Non Smoker, Local Trade, Serviced Here, One Owner, Clean Carfax. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.When yo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD1FJ361864
    Stock: H25854D
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $6,995
    fair price
    $654 below market
    • 138,000 miles
    • 2 accidents, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Your Next Auto LLC (459 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Elizabethtown, PA / 459 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    3RD ROW SEATING SUNROOFS RUNS AN DRIVES GREAT CALL 7** 2**-3*** YOURNEXTAUTOLLC WE DO NOT DO IN HOUSE FINANCING

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRJED0BJ215303
    Stock: 215303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • $14,990
    fair price
    $667 above market
    • 103,993 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Charlotte (153 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 153 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD7HJ221451
    Stock: 2003595858
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $7,700
    fair price
    $1,014 below market
    • 122,804 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Mc Ghee Auto Sales (311 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 311 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRGED2BJ363990
    Stock: 16-063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,990
    fair price
    $967 above market
    • 44,626 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (324 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 324 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRGKD3HJ310373
    Stock: 2003691976
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $9,990
    fair price
    $132 below market
    • 123,716 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Memory Motors (470 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Gallatin, TN / 470 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD6FJ292198
    Stock: 92198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

  • $16,590
    fair price
    $1,493 above market
    • 70,233 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Tampa (456 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 456 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRFED4HJ308881
    Stock: 2003649260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • $6,999
    fair price
    $207 above market
    • 131,215 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Cartown (353 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 353 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    All our Vehicles goes through VA safety inspection before listing for sales. Fresh oil change and filter (Mobil 1) and all fluids have either been cha...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNER13D59S121874
    Stock: cti2031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $8,995
    fair price
    $76 below market
    • 126,577 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Impressive Auto Sales (477 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 477 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD4FJ254811
    Stock: 254811
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,999
    fair price
    $233 below market
    • 156,886 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Dream Autos (480 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 480 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRHKD0FJ113163
    Stock: 10553
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $9,995
    fair price
    $67 below market
    • 102,053 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Life and Liberty Motors (484 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Reading, PA / 484 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Visit Life and Liberty Motors online at lifeandlibertymotors.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 6**-7**-6*** today to schedule you...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD0FJ315992
    Stock: 2371
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $7,828
    fair price
    $235 above market
    • 142,023 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carplex (465 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Helena, AL / 465 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Visit Carplex LLC to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 2**-8**-2*** to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRFED0FJ283796
    Stock: 283796
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $402 above market
    • 131,787 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Micky's Auto Sales (478 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Reading, PA / 478 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    LOADED!!! 3RD ROW SEATING WITH CAPTAINS SEATS!!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVJKD3FJ200655
    Stock: 200655
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $8,795
    fair price
    $58 above market
    • 127,429 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • ANPA Auto Sales (491 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Levittown, PA / 491 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    2015 CHEVY TRAVERSE CLEAN TITLE NO ACCIDENTS ALL WHEEL DRIVE GREAT MILES PA INSPECTION GUARANTEED CALL OR TEXT MILIN @ 2**-2**-2***

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGKD8FJ216188
    Stock: 6188
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $7,900
    fair price
    $852 below market
    • 140,278 miles
    • 1 accident, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Superior Auto Mall (474 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Saint Petersburg, FL / 474 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    EVERYONE IS APPROVED AT SUPERIOR AUTO MALL!! *400 Credit Scores *Recent Repo *Low Income *Turned Down At Other Dealerships YOUR APPROVED! Reestablish ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKRGEDXBJ252524
    Stock: 3052
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2024

  • $7,950
    fair price
    $676 above market
    • 108,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Capital Auto Sales (397 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 397 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNKVGED8BJ302008
    Stock: 302008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2024

Showing 379 - 399 out of 3,968 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Traverse

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Traverse
Overall Consumer Rating
3.2 out of 5 stars52 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 52 reviews
  • 5 star
    (35%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (21%)
  • 1 star
    (19%)
1 out of 5 stars

This engine holds a bad secret

Domonic Webster, 04/13/2018
2012 Chevrolet Traverse LTZ 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
While this vehicle has many great features it hides a bad thing that will sink you. The engine has timing chains that have a known defect. I wish I knew this before I spent my money. The repair cost is a new engine which will cost about $5,000 and takes about 8-15 hours to replace. When all is said and done you will spend $10,000 to repair. If you own a earlier version 2007-2009 it’s … covered. If you buy a 2012 it will not be.
Report abuse

Used 2011 Chevrolet Traverse in Myrtle Beach, SC Values

Estimated values
2011 Chevrolet Traverse LT2 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,098$4,228$4,891
Clean$2,919$3,960$4,554
Average$2,620$3,513$3,994
Rough$2,232$2,933$3,266

The average list price of a used 2011 Chevrolet Traverse in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is $9,982. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Traverse 2011 for sale in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is 120,589. Based on the average mileage of 120,589 for used 2011 Chevrolet Traverse for sale in Myrtle Beach, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Traverse 2011 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to be $2,620.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.