Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,060 listings
  • Price Drop
    $12,998
    fair price
    $441 below market
    • 88,009 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 2,068 miles away from Oakland, CA

    Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Su...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBGXEC395277
    Stock: EC395277PA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $13,800
    fair price
    $636 below market
    • 108,103 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Taj Auto Group (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vallejo, CA / 20 miles away from Oakland, CA

    We are pleased to offer this frontline ready one owner 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee Summit 4x4 4dr SUV with low miles that is White in color and that come...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFJG9EC269901
    Stock: 1515
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2024

  • $14,900
    fair price
    $273 below market
    • 78,340 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Tony's Toys and Trucks (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 46 miles away from Oakland, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG2EC266272
    Stock: 13058
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • $11,395
    fair price
    $371 below market
    • 126,138 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • El Vista Auto Sales (71 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 71 miles away from Oakland, CA

    More Info Accessories & color may vary. Dealer not responsible for errors or omissions. Vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. You can check rec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEBGXEC116243
    Stock: 5832
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $11,900
    fair price
    $995 below market
    • 135,953 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Javy's Auto Sales (54 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stockton, CA / 54 miles away from Oakland, CA

    Base Price$ (Plus Government Fees And Taxes, Any Finance Charges Any Dealer Document Processing Charge, Any Electronic Filing Charge, And Any Emission...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG1EC517297
    Stock: 517297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

    • 124,841 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,471 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG6EC162805
    Stock: 2003725547
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,990
    fair price
    $386 above market
    • 121,852 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,386 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFCM7EC509613
    Stock: 2003880813
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 86,806 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Inglewood, CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 344 miles away from Oakland, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG8EC418783
    Stock: 27173678
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 98,094 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Sacramento (61 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 61 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG9GC318551
    Stock: 2003793316
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

    • 104,664 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 2,480 miles away from Oakland, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBM1EC299107
    Stock: 26647777
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,991
    fair price
    $488 above market
    • 77,562 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Fremont Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (25 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Newark, CA / 25 miles away from Oakland, CA

    Recent Arrival!Brilliant Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo RWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 Flex Fuel 24V VVTOdometer is 48792 mile...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEAG5EC130584
    Stock: EC130584T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • Photos not available
    $12,995
    fair price
    $565 above market
    • 103,717 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Ocean Motorsports (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Santa Cruz, CA / 60 miles away from Oakland, CA

    **LEATHER*4 WHEEL DRIVE*DUAL POWER & HEATED FRONT SEATS*HEATED STEERING WHEEL*MOONROOF*BACK-UP CAMERA*NAVIGATION*BLUETOOTH*AUTO REAR LIFTGATE*ROOF RAC...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG0EC158748
    Stock: 835
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $14,499
    fair price
    $15 above market
    • 110,469 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Auto King (81 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 81 miles away from Oakland, CA

    Auto king 916-676-6867 , WE DO HAVE FINANCING AVAILABLE WITH MANY LENDERS , . CLEAN TITLE ,CARFAX AVAILABLE, SMOG DONE, MECHANICAL/SAFETY INSPECTION D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBG3GC316714
    Stock: 1676
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-02-2024

    • 75,809 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,471 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEBM6EC381053
    Stock: 2003733454
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

    • 106,878 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Fresno, CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 150 miles away from Oakland, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG1EC144553
    Stock: 27296685
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,527 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to CA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Doral, FL / 2,571 miles away from Oakland, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEBG2EC573242
    Stock: 27635426
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 108,046 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 2,413 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFAG6EC139462
    Stock: 2003559349
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

    • 93,530 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 642 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBGXEC535540
    Stock: 2003926959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 161,506 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Seaside Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (87 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 87 miles away from Oakland, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBMXEC302666
    Stock: TD0631
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

    • 117,537 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 2,150 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJEBG8EC276721
    Stock: 2003883150
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 102,554 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,471 miles away from Oakland, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJFBGXEC251759
    Stock: 2003869741
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 2,060 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Grand Cherokee

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Grand Cherokee
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars54 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 54 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (15%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
4.5 out of 5 stars

Over all great vehicle

jasonjcgl, 06/25/2013
2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 5A)
After driving this car for 9 months and nearing the 10,000 mile mark I have to say that I am very pleased. I have driven in almost every condition imaginable. In the snow it drives effortlessly with no trouble at all, in the mud it performs very well and will get through without any hesitation, on dirt roads the handling is flawless, and in the water no issues arise. After going on 4 … road trips so far, I have to say it is excellent for traveling! The ride is super smooth, steering is amazing, and the cabin is extremely quiet. In terms of gas mileage, on the highway I average around 25mpg but have gotten up to 27mpg and in the city I average 18mpg. Over all this is an amazing vehicle!
Report abuse

Used 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee in Oakland, CA Values

Estimated values
2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,136$9,369$10,741
Clean$6,780$8,872$10,140
Average$6,185$8,045$9,138
Rough$5,413$6,969$7,836

The average list price of a used 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee in Oakland, California is $14,642. The average mileage on a used Jeep Grand Cherokee 2014 for sale in Oakland, California is 102,473. Based on the average mileage of 102,473 for used 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee for sale in Oakland, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Grand Cherokee 2014 in Oakland, California to be $6,185.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.