Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
413 listings
  • New Listing
    • 67,156 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Tom Wood Lexus (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 163 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX4L5247666
    Stock: LIT247666
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 46,040 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 492 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX3L5252230
    Stock: 2003809685
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,103 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 434 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX1L5253375
    Stock: 2003811498
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $53,935
    great price
    $6,109 below market
    • 33,315 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Tom Wood Lexus (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 163 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX1P5339923
    Stock: LIP339923
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • $56,117
    great price
    $7,675 below market
    • 17,320 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Meade Lexus of Southfield (176 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Southfield, MI / 176 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX2P5369044
    Stock: P5369044
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $51,500
    great price
    $4,305 below market
    • 26,948 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Dayton (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Centerville, OH / 67 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ** LEXUS OF DAYTON, A SERVICE COMPANY THAT SELLS GREAT CARS. Experience our commitment to providing you the best possible service.** VERY NICE LUXURY ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX7N5338014
    Stock: XN5338014
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    • Not provided
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota South (166 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, KY / 166 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2020 Lexus GX 460 Luxury Atomic Silver 460 Luxury 4WD 6-Speed Automatic with Sequential Shift ECT 4.6L V8 DOHC Dual VVT-i 32V**3RD ROW SEATING**, AM/F...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGM7BXXL5260447
    Stock: 260447
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 37,366 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 910 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX5P5365165
    Stock: 2003704179
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,900
    great price
    $4,058 below market
    • 30,059 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Performance Luxury Sport (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marysville, OH / 25 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX2P5361381
    Stock: CINP5361381A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $44,669
    great price
    $4,213 below market
    • 13,663 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen of Streetsboro (124 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Streetsboro, OH / 124 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 38680 miles below market average! CARFAX One-Owner.Nebula Gray Pearl 2021 Lexus GX 460 Luxury 4.6L V...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGM7BX6M5268899
    Stock: 268899C01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • $55,524
    great price
    $5,269 below market
    • 23,794 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Meade Lexus of Southfield (176 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Southfield, MI / 176 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX8P5380808
    Stock: P5380808
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $56,875
    great price
    $4,020 below market
    • 14,194 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Meade Lexus of Southfield (176 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Southfield, MI / 176 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX7P5380296
    Stock: P5380296
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,998
    good price
    $2,536 below market
    • 23,848 miles
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 503 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX7P5348660
    Stock: 27286815
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $46,798
    great price
    $3,713 below market
    • 39,595 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • #1 Cochran Ford Youngstown (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Youngstown, OH / 143 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Black Onyx 2022 Lexus GX 4WD 4x4 (No Transfer) 460 6-Speed Automatic with Sequential Shift ECT 4.6L V8 DOHC Dual VVT-i 32V RECENT TRADE! PICTURES COMI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX9N5328956
    Stock: 4800066
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $56,297
    great price
    $4,405 below market
    • 23,098 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Lexington (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 154 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Vehicle DetailsExperience refined luxury and robust performance with this 2023 Lexus GX 460 Premium, now available with just 19,018 miles. This sophis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX1P5380133
    Stock: AU1422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

  • $52,998
    great price
    $4,841 below market
    • 36,167 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 2,111 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX3P5350325
    Stock: 26846657
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $48,998
    good price
    $3,342 below market
    • 43,679 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 287 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX8N5325949
    Stock: 26692521
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 26,005 miles
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 981 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX9P5342309
    Stock: 27419384
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $48,590
    good price
    $2,557 below market
    • 51,228 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,512 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGM7BX5N5324753
    Stock: 2003635689
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,395
    great price
    $2,848 below market
    • 44,969 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • LaFontaine Genesis (162 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dearborn, MI / 162 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2022 Lexus GX 460 Starfire Pearl 4WD Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.GX 460, 4D Sport Utility, 4.6L V8 DOHC Dual VVT-i 32V, 6-Speed Automatic with Sequ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX8N5315857
    Stock: 25T298A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $47,465
    great price
    $2,974 below market
    • 30,650 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Meade Lexus of Southfield (176 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Southfield, MI / 176 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX1N5331463
    Stock: N5331463
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

Showing 253 - 273 out of 413 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus GX 460

Read recent reviews for the Lexus GX 460
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars52 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 52 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

This SUV is for people who want a luxury truck

David S, 08/09/2017
2011 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A)
I own the older GX470 That was a car. This is a truck. Its basically a Landcruiser Prado in a tuxedo. Its big. It's comfortable. The stock radio is great. The Bluetooth is excellent . It's power train is smooth. ...I didn't say great. Here is the one problem. It's not underpowered. Not at all. The problem is the gear ratio. On moderating steep hills, whether going up or down, the … gearing is tuned for gas savings So there is no downshifting in time. In other words, the engine is laboring uphill wanting to get to higher rpm and then down hill it won't shift down for any engine breaking. Hard on breaks. The solution is to shift the knob over to manual and go up or down as needed. It's quite pleasant driving it that way. But that's me. I drove a shift for many years . I can see why some reviewers were freaked out by the too large gearing ratio. That being said this is a badass truck. If you keep your cars a long time like me, you will probably die before this vehicle does if you maintain it per schedule. I would want my kids to drive a Landcruiser or Prado over anything else on the planet for their comfort and safety They will likely inherit this one. That's why they are no cheap. That's why it's got 5 stars for reliability on most car websites. But the odd ratio gear tuning really does improve mpg. On the highway driving 65-70 I get a consistent 19.8 to 20.1 mpg Around town it's about 16 give or take a bit If you can deal with shifting yourself on steep hills, there is nothing more comfortable or reliable on the planet other than a Landcruiser or LX itself
Report abuse

Used 2020 Lexus GX 460 in Columbus, OH Values

Estimated values
2020 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$37,083$40,258$43,311
Clean$36,408$39,521$42,514
Average$35,283$38,293$41,186
Rough$33,821$36,697$39,459

The average list price of a used 2020 Lexus GX 460 in Columbus, Ohio is $50,450. The average mileage on a used Lexus GX 460 2020 for sale in Columbus, Ohio is 34,260. Based on the average mileage of 34,260 for used 2020 Lexus GX 460 for sale in Columbus, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus GX 460 2020 in Columbus, Ohio to be $35,283.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.