Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,286 listings
  • New Listing
    $9,795
    fair price
    $76 above market
    • 82,385 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Jax Exports Inc (295 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 295 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD07AJ6EM377581
    Stock: 9718
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $356 above market
    • 94,325 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Value Auto Sales (307 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cumming, GA / 307 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJ6EM212552
    Stock: B-2552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-18-2023

  • Price Drop
    $9,929
    fair price
    $377 below market
    • 103,218 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 37 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Jeff Wyler Superior Kia (490 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 490 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Jeff Wyler Superior KIA is proud to offer this outstanding-looking 2016 Volkswagen Jetta 1.8T Sport in Pure White. 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speaker Audi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWB17AJ7GM281465
    Stock: 62116681A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $377 below market
    • 99,113 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Maximum Auto Outlet (354 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 354 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    ***AFFORDABLE AND ECONOMICAL SEDAN....................................2014 VOLKSWAGEN JETTA S FINISHED IN PLATINUM GRAY METALLIC WITH A GRAY INTERIOR,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJXEM238443
    Stock: EM238443
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $5,999
    fair price
    $400 below market
    • 124,954 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Finance Auto Sales (452 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 452 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWL07AJ0EM388037
    Stock: U388037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 47,938 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to SC*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 2,256 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ1EM222501
    Stock: 26890213
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,495
    fair price
    $540 above market
    • 128,812 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Paniagua Auto Mall (357 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 357 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJ2EM432366
    Stock: 12407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,900
    fair price
    $327 below market
    • 113,606 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • VIP Auto Center (398 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 398 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ2EM271285
    Stock: 2804
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 69,389 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to SC*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 2,237 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ9EM257657
    Stock: 27405052
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 70,829 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,381 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ7EM262193
    Stock: 2003557975
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

  • $11,998
    fair price
    $1,519 above market
    • 96,788 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to SC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Milwaukie, OR / 2,432 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWL17AJ4EM377264
    Stock: 27075928
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,798
    fair price
    $196 above market
    • 113,500 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Smith Volkswagen (447 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, DE / 447 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Smith Volkswagen has been serving the Tri-State area for over 55 years! We have a large selection of brand new Volkswagen models in stock and a ful...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ4EM360825
    Stock: Z5475A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $11,747
    fair price
    $148 above market
    • 82,170 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (479 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 479 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,A/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWL17AJXGM210975
    Stock: V210975P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $242 above market
    • 119,681 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Value Motors NC (130 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Monroe, NC / 130 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ3EM230504
    Stock: 1330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

  • $9,990
    fair price
    $595 below market
    • 98,405 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 37 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • NextGear Motors (142 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 142 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Visit NextGear Motors online at WWW.NEXTGEARMOTORS.COM to see more pictures of this vehicle and a free Auto-check report. Easy Financing available! Ap...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWB17AJ6GM419884
    Stock: 16057-B032
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,990
    fair price
    $284 below market
    • 152,502 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Car Master Auto Sales (350 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 350 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD07AJXEM388695
    Stock: 1065
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • $8,715
    fair price
    $90 above market
    • 104,006 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 1,772 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Brake Assist,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,A/C,ABS,Adjustable Steering Wheel,AM/FM Stereo,Auxiliary Audio Input,Brake Assist,Bucket...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJ0EM361006
    Stock: 53599BM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $6,498
    good price
    $614 below market
    • 150,960 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 37 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Toms River Mitsubishi (499 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Toms River, NJ / 499 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Pure White 2016 Volkswagen Jetta 1.8T Sport FWD 5-Speed Manual 1.8L I4 Turbocharged Jetta 1.8T Sport, 4D Sedan, 1.8L I4 Turbocharged, 5-Speed Manual, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWB17AJ0GM281758
    Stock: TU281758
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $5,999
    fair price
    $26 below market
    • 157,813 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • D&M Discount Auto Sales (337 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 337 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD07AJ3EM236757
    Stock: 236757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-14-2025

  • $6,950
    fair price
    $341 below market
    • 123,894 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Cars Field (123 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Smithfield, NC / 123 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJ4EM235425
    Stock: 235425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-22-2024

  • $8,400
    fair price
    $774 above market
    • 112,919 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Auto Sales (368 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Upper Marlboro, MD / 368 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ7EM385539
    Stock: 385539
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-12-2024

Showing 568 - 588 out of 3,286 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Jetta

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Jetta
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars199 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 199 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
3 out of 5 stars

AC garbage

alicat2441, 08/08/2014
2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbodiesel 6AM)
Do not buy this car or any VW-they refuse to stand by their product! In 7/13 my AC completely quit. VW said I needed a new AC compressor for $1700. VW of America helped-cost brought down to $700. AC worked until 5/14 where delayed/intermittent cooling started. 6/13 VW said AC had a leak. Problem continued. Had diagnostic done today and told I need a new AC unit. The AC compressor- new … 7/13- is breaking down and sending debris thru system-cost to replace $2+K. VW of A will not help to replace AC system because 93K miles on car even though new AC comp was put in 7/13.. Warranty on 7/13 work was 12 month/12K miles-17K put on car in 10 months no warranty. Go read VW forums. Update 8/19/17- Car bought back by VW
Report abuse

Used 2014 Volkswagen Jetta in Myrtle Beach, SC Values

Estimated values
2014 Volkswagen Jetta SE 4dr Sedan (1.8L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,907$7,353$9,485
Clean$3,702$6,931$8,895
Average$3,361$6,228$7,912
Rough$2,917$5,314$6,634

The average list price of a used 2014 Volkswagen Jetta in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is $8,837. The average mileage on a used Volkswagen Jetta 2014 for sale in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is 107,010. Based on the average mileage of 107,010 for used 2014 Volkswagen Jetta for sale in Myrtle Beach, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volkswagen Jetta 2014 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to be $3,361.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.