Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
832 listings
Showing Nationwide results. Enter your
for local results.
  • $11,450
    great price
    $3,725 below market
    130,596 miles
    2 Accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (Woodbridge, VA)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 314 miles away from Columbus, OH

    KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: Air Conditioning, Sunroof, MP3. This Lexus LS 460 also includes Power Driver's Seat, Climate Control, Po...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCL5EF9B5011100
    Stock: 138976
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2024

  • $10,995
    great price
    $1,506 below market
    179,983 miles
    3 Accidents, 5 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Carvici (Minneapolis, MN)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Minneapolis, MN / 630 miles away from Columbus, OH

    V8! AWD! LEXUS LUXURY! This full size Lexus is an ICON! 60 CarFax records - 5 owners - runs and drives great! Recently serviced - fresh oil change - f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHDL5EF1B5003013
    Stock: CP-2072
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2024

  • $14,999
    fair price
    $569 below market
    108,500 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Inside Car Guys (Thousand Oaks, CA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 2,013 miles away from Columbus, OH

    We're located at:1282 Newbury Rd, Newbury Park CA 91320,off the 101 Freeway Exit VentuGreat deal on this one!!Car shopping? We are the number one auto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF4B5102206
    Stock: 863
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,500
    fair price
    $652 below market
    115,244 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Valentine Motor Company (District Heights, MD)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in District Heights, MD / 327 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Valentine Motor Company has a wide selection of exceptional pre-owned vehicles to choose from, including this 2011 Lexus LS 460. Opulent refinements m...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCL5EF0B5009445
    Stock: VAL009445
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-15-2023

  • Price Drop
    $16,285
    fair price
    $168 below market
    80,474 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Destiny Automotive (Glen Burnie, MD)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Glen Burnie, MD / 338 miles away from Columbus, OH

    This 2011 Lexus LS 460 is proudly offered by Destiny Automotive Quality and prestige abound with this Lexus LS 460 . The LS 460 is well maintained and...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF9B5103254
    Stock: 10363
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2024

  • $18,987
    fair price
    $747 below market
    81,245 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Rohrich Lexus (Pittsburgh, PA)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 152 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Clean CARFAX.[VERY CLEAN!], [FULLY SERVICED!], [MOONROOF], [COMFORT PACKAGE], [NAVIGATION PACKAGE], [HEATED AND VENTILATED FRONT SEATS], [BACKUP CAMER...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCL5EF3B5010718
    Stock: L24444A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2024

  • 104,078 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Audi Plano (Plano, TX)
    Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 913 miles away from Columbus, OH

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new pair of tires! Comfort Pkg Luxury Value Edition Sun/Moonroof Leather Seats Navigat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF2B5104679
    Stock: B5104679
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2024

  • Price Drop
    $11,321
    fair price
    $150 below market
    196,471 miles
    2 Accidents, 3 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8cyl Automatic
    Performance Kings Honda (Cincinnati, OH)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 93 miles away from Columbus, OH

    This *2011 Lexus LS 460 L* is loaded with convenient features like: Moonroof, Leather, Backup Camera, Heated Seats, Cooled Seats, Heated-Rear Seats, H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHDL5EF9B5003292
    Stock: VVB5003292
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2024

  • $15,995
    fair price
    $513 above market
    110,098 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Maximum Auto Outlet (Manassas, VA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 302 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ***LUXURY SEDAN FOR LESS........................................2011 LEXUS LS 460 FINISHED IN STARFIRE PEARL WITH A BLACK LEATHER INTERIOR, SHIFTABLE ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF1B5106696
    Stock: B5106696
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 76,567 miles
    2 Accidents, 5 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Maximum Auto Outlet (Manassas, VA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 302 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ***2011 LEXUS LS 460 FINISHED IN MERCURY METALLIC WITH A BLACK LEATHER INTERIOR, SHIFTABLE AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, THE LS IS A LUXURY SEDAN THATS ALL ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF1B5106455
    Stock: B5106455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,990
    good price
    $2,042 below market
    86,352 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Car Land of Macon (Macon, GA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Macon, GA / 505 miles away from Columbus, OH

    One look at this Lexus LS 460 and you will just know this is your ride. Finding the right used car can create some real headaches when mileage is a f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF1C5110247
    Stock: A-6675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,995
    good price
    $1,829 below market
    155,070 miles
    No accidents, 5 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Automotive Avenues (Wall, NJ)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wall, NJ / 461 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Just arrived is this ahead-of-its-time, NONSMOKER, ALL-WHEEL DRIVE 2010 Lexus LS 460! This well-built premium luxury sedan has 153,519 softly driven m...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCL5EF4A5006322
    Stock: 43031K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-11-2023

  • $17,995
    great price
    $1,787 below market
    77,867 miles
    1 Accident, 4 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Maximum Auto Outlet (Manassas, VA)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 302 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ***LOW MILEAGE ALL WHEEL DRIVE LUXURY SEDAN............................................2012 LEXUS LS 460 AWD FINISHED IN MERCURY METALLIC WITH A LIGHT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCL5EF6C5012576
    Stock: C5012576
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,900
    good price
    $1,083 below market
    195,932 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Bumble Auto (Elkridge, MD)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Elkridge, MD / 331 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Delve into a world of exceptional pre-owned vehicles at Bumble Auto, where quality and affordability coalesce. Our varied inventory accommodates diffe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL1EF0A5099795
    Stock: B1691
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,999
    great price
    $1,517 below market
    187,824 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Stevens Creek BMW (Santa Clara, CA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Santa Clara, CA / 2,101 miles away from Columbus, OH

    FANTASTIC SONIC-PRICE SAVINGS, without the haggle! Why pay inflated prices when you can pay a guaranteed lowest Sonic Price right from the start? Make...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF9A5098006
    Stock: TA5098006
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2024

  • $14,885
    fair price
    $1,479 below market
    97,772 miles
    2 Accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    AutoNation USA Centennial (Las Vegas, NV)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,771 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Comfort Plus Pkg Sun/Moonroof Keyless Start Cooled Front Seat(S) Check out this pre-owned 2010 Lexus LS 460 we recently got in. This Lexus includes:...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL1EF2A5095845
    Stock: A5095845
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2024

  • 88,605 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Houston (Houston, TX)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,007 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Luxury Value Edition Comfort Pkg 19" Aluminum Wheels Sun/Moonroof Leather Seats Navigation System Preferred Accessories Pkg Keyless Start Cooled Front...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF8A5097610
    Stock: A5097610
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2024

  • $16,000
    fair price
    $577 below market
    111,519 miles
    1 Accident, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Bommarito Buick GMC (Ellisville, MO)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ellisville, MO / 425 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Recent Arrival! 2012 Lexus LS 460 4.6L V8 DOHC 32V VVT-iE 8-Speed Automatic with Sequential Shift AWD 4D Sedan Red AWD, Leather, 10 Speakers, 18" x 7....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCL5EF4C5013211
    Stock: 340295B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 86,485 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Driveway (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,077 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Satelli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF5C5108842
    Stock: C5108842A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,995
    fair price
    $473 above market
    92,564 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8cyl Automatic
    Maximum Auto Outlet (Manassas, VA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 302 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ***SHARP MATADOR RED BEAUTIFUL LEXUS LUXURY SEDAN...........................................2012 LEXUS LS 460 FINISHED IN MATADOR RED MICA WITH A BEIG...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL5EF4C5112543
    Stock: C5112543
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $19,599
    great price
    $4,881 below market
    101,597 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    EchoPark Automotive Sacramento (Roseville, CA)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 2,037 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBL1EF7D5123904
    Stock: CD5123904
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-09-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 832 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus LS 460

Read recent reviews for the Lexus LS 460
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars40 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 40 reviews
  • 5 star
    (88%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

2009 LS460 AWD

Mark Wooters, 02/06/2010
2010 Lexus LS 460 4dr Sedan AWD (4.6L 8cyl 8A)
Have owned the car now 1 year and 4 months and vehicle continues to exceed expectations. Handles great and on recent roadtrip to Michigan driving around 75-80 averaged 26 mpg. I have about 24,000 miles and have averaged exactly 20 mpg since owning the car. Drove in snow and icy conditions and also ran into a snowstorm on way back and the AWD is amazing. Put car into snow mode and you … don't even know the weather is bad. Navigation is great and simple and you can enter the phone number of the destination and it takes you to the business/home without inputting any street, city, etc. Auto parking works well; yet, is slower than doing it yourself. Excellent Acceleration and feel for road.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radiusNationwide
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

832 cars
|
$19,383 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.