Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,047 listings
  • New Listing
    • 88,048 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Central GMC of Norwood (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 18 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKFLXE3XF6222935
    Stock: GM3027A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,472 miles
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Central GMC of Norwood (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 18 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    NA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (25 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEV1NL298697
    Stock: GM3034
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $9,853
    good price
    $2,185 below market
    • 94,532 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 2,613 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Satellite Radio,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed A/T,A/C,A/T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKALMEK4H6149497
    Stock: H6149497P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,277
    great price
    $3,508 below market
    • 52,999 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chesapeake, VA / 445 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Lane Keeping Assist,Le...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG3PL152337
    Stock: PL152337P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Terrain
    $30,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 1 Trim
    • 3 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $24,990
    great price
    $4,200 below market
    • 19,294 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 713 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG3RL278362
    Stock: 2003652966
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,590
    great price
    $3,672 below market
    • 18,643 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,608 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG3RL369003
    Stock: 2003592248
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $25,590
    great price
    $3,551 below market
    • 19,737 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 782 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG9RL250002
    Stock: 2003666084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,997
    great price
    $5,286 below market
    • 28,596 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 1,133 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG2RL170668
    Stock: C170668P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Terrain
    $30,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 1 Trim
    • 3 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $7,995
    great price
    $3,465 below market
    • 129,564 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carbidz (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South Easton, MA / 17 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKFLZE37F6373050
    Stock: 85505TC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,237
    great price
    $3,153 below market
    • 16,760 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Idaho Falls, ID / 2,046 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Navigation System,Remote Start,Sa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALTEG6PL166642
    Stock: 6047A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,488
    good price
    $2,291 below market
    • 70,166 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 707 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Ebony Twilight Metallic 2020 GMC Terrain SLT FWD 9-Speed Automatic 2.0L TurbochargedJake Sweeney Automotive has been t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALPEXXLL184708
    Stock: Y2786
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,897
    great price
    $5,032 below market
    • 33,190 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 1,133 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG8RL224006
    Stock: C224006P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Terrain
    $30,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 1 Trim
    • 3 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • Price Drop
    $22,897
    great price
    $5,031 below market
    • 33,198 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 1,133 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG9RL137294
    Stock: C137294P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $25,990
    great price
    $3,555 below market
    • 16,202 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 713 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG5RL366751
    Stock: 2003558289
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $20,793
    great price
    • 59,852 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,579 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Seats,Remote S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG9PL137115
    Stock: PL137115P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,990
    great price
    $4,772 below market
    • 23,365 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 2,074 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG8RL369028
    Stock: 2003589145
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 GMC Terrain
    $30,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 1 Trim
    • 3 Packages
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $24,990
    great price
    $3,984 below market
    • 21,293 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,608 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG0RL348142
    Stock: 2003616403
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 20,613 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,738 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG4RL306945
    Stock: 2003666021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,590
    great price
    $4,104 below market
    • 36,810 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 2,074 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG1RL250057
    Stock: 2003619818
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $24,990
    great price
    $4,037 below market
    • 20,787 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,608 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG5RL369178
    Stock: 2003563690
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • $24,590
    great price
    $4,104 below market
    • 24,065 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,608 miles away from Bellingham, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG8RL369384
    Stock: 2003508947
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 1,047 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius25 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.