Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,683 listings
  • Price Drop
    $18,495
    fair price
    $57 above market
    • 98,984 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Driver's Mart (330 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Winter Park, FL / 330 miles away from Macon, GA

    This 2018 Lexus ES ES 350, has a BLACK exterior and an interior color. 98984 miles. Stock Number JU086554. You can connect with us by calling...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ABK1GG6JU086554
    Stock: JU086554
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,880
    fair price
    $265 above market
    • 38,031 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Terry Lambert Hyundai (117 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in North Augusta, SC / 117 miles away from Macon, GA

    Due to our amazing pricing, please call before coming down to ensure the vehicle is still available! Check out all these great options 10-Way Power Ad...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B15NU136051
    Stock: PA136051
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $29,998
    fair price
    $517 above market
    • 53,705 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MN to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn Park, MN / 985 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B15LU065415
    Stock: 27015518
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $34,466
    good price
    $971 below market
    • 30,412 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of New Orleans (426 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Metairie, LA / 426 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58AGZ1B17LU058088
    Stock: LE058088
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $29,971
    fair price
    $497 above market
    • 55,277 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • TAZ Auto Group (321 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sanford, NC / 321 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58AGZ1B19LU053958
    Stock: J3968
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $25,998
    fair price
    $82 above market
    • 110,856 miles
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 675 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ACZ1B17NU126181
    Stock: 27345956
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,489
    fair price
    $664 above market
    • 68,440 miles
    • 4 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Automaxx of the Carolinas (212 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Summerville, SC / 212 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ABK1GGXJU090882
    Stock: F22757T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,645
    fair price
    $1,430 above market
    • 54,160 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Trussville Kia (170 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 170 miles away from Macon, GA

    Gray 2022 Lexus ES 350 FWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V 2022 Lexus ES, ***Key Features***, Local Trade, Clean History, Leather Seats, Cold A/C, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B18NU116862
    Stock: P116862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,998
    fair price
    $827 above market
    • 90,585 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Southlake (54 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 54 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ABK1GG5JU080910
    Stock: 27128805
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,989
    fair price
    $907 above market
    • 90,791 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Nissan (173 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 173 miles away from Macon, GA

    Black 2020 Lexus ES 350 F Sport FWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6 DOHC Dual VVT-i 24V 10-Way Power Adjustable F SPORT Front Seats, Active Noise Control, A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58AGZ1B11LU055042
    Stock: VP055042
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $36,998
    fair price
    $231 below market
    • 17,868 miles
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 943 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B11NU131882
    Stock: 26719328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 11,928 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Hennessy Lexus of Gwinnett (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 77 miles away from Macon, GA

    Hennessy Lexus of Gwinnett is proud to offer you this Exceptional 2022 Lexus ES! It comes well appointed, is exceptionally clean, and has undergone a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B19NU131094
    Stock: G3813P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,990
    fair price
    $436 above market
    • 80,711 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Georgia Auto World (84 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 84 miles away from Macon, GA

    ***NEW ARRIVAL***LOW MILES***GOOD TIRES***GOOD BRAKES***EXCELLENT CONDITION***PARKING SENSORS**POWER LEATHER SEATS***STEERING WHEEL MOUNTED CONTROLS**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ACZ1B13LU080538
    Stock: 080538
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,990
    fair price
    $795 above market
    • 46,769 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Charlotte (236 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 236 miles away from Macon, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ABK1GG3JU108574
    Stock: 2003620725
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 46,133 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Union (262 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Smyrna, TN / 262 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58AGZ1B12LU078278
    Stock: 078278
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,990
    fair price
    $1,091 above market
    • 26,897 miles
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (481 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 481 miles away from Macon, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ABK1GG7JU093688
    Stock: 2003716486
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,500
    fair price
    $784 above market
    • 36,139 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Winter Park (331 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Winter Park, FL / 331 miles away from Macon, GA

    JUST TRADED IN, 1 OWNER & SPOTLESS CARFAX HISTORY, LOADED, NAVIGATION PACKAGE, PREMIUM PACKAGE, PANORAMA GLASS ROOF, 18" ALLOY WHEELS, HEATED & VENTIL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B17NU120126
    Stock: NU120126A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,100
    fair price
    $614 above market
    • 71,886 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Nissan of Lagrange (70 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lagrange, GA / 70 miles away from Macon, GA

    $5,000 IN OPTIONS! PREMIUM PACKAGE, BLIND SPOT MONITOR, HEATED WOOD AND LEATHER TRIMMED STEERING WHEEL, WOOD TRIM, AND MORE! 10 Speakers, 10-Way Powe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B15LU059338
    Stock: 059338
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,777
    fair price
    $378 above market
    • 42,880 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Grand Motorcars Kennesaw (90 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 90 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B17LU063486
    Stock: LU063486
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

    • 15,129 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Tampa Bay (342 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 342 miles away from Macon, GA

    NATIONWIDE LIFETIME WARRANTY!! FREE HOME DELIVERY UP TO 75 MILES!! ANDROID AUTO, APPLE CARPLAY, BACK UP CAMERA, HEATED SEATING, LEATHER SEATING, MEMOR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58AGZ1B16NU138792
    Stock: 138792
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 10,611 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Germain Toyota of Naples (471 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 471 miles away from Macon, GA

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!90 Day / 3,000 Limited Powertrain warranty Engine/Transmission/ Axle Assembly Hybri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 58ADZ1B1XNU123408
    Stock: SP123408
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

Showing 442 - 462 out of 1,683 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus ES 350

Read recent reviews for the Lexus ES 350
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars51 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 51 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

better than prior generation

hjs, 04/14/2020
2020 Lexus ES 350 4dr Sedan (3.5L 6cyl 8A)
The good: better ride, more supple and softer suspension with improved cornering abitity, better appearance inside and out, plenty of important standard features. mpg is good for class, I average 28-30 back and forth to work. Power is superb and instant. The bad: stereo sucks!! 95% of sound comes from front speakers no matter what you do. One time transmission slammed so hard in reverse … I honestly thought I crashed into the car parked in front of me. It was that loud! When you want power transmission often shifts down too many gears. Acoustic glass not available on base ES. Come on lexus! the base chrysler 300 and avalon comes standard with it! Not kidding here folks..the rear side glass is much thinner than the front..why you ask? to save $$. No wonder it sounds a bit louder towards the rear while driving. Touch controller is an ongoing issue with lexus. no problem since I do adjustments before I drive. Overall though my car "base model" is better than my 2017 in most respects..a bit quieter, sleeker, more comfortable ride, more power.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Lexus ES 350 in Macon, GA Values

Estimated values
2018 Lexus ES 350 4dr Sedan (3.5L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,747$23,756$26,234
Clean$20,158$23,067$25,457
Average$19,176$21,918$24,162
Rough$17,900$20,425$22,478

The average list price of a used 2018 Lexus ES 350 in Macon, Georgia is $30,616. The average mileage on a used Lexus ES 350 2018 for sale in Macon, Georgia is 52,295. Based on the average mileage of 52,295 for used 2018 Lexus ES 350 for sale in Macon, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus ES 350 2018 in Macon, Georgia to be $19,176.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.