Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,984 listings
  • New Listing
    • 11,964 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Finnegan Chevrolet Buick GMC (409 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Rosenberg, TX / 409 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBN6ST526464
    Stock: E10778A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 33 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Williams Chevrolet (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Stigler, OK / 454 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBNXST516598
    Stock: 516598
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 5,197 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Finnegan Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (409 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Rosenberg, TX / 409 miles away from Midland, TX

    Price includes: $1297 - 2025 National Minimum Employee Pricing Discount. Exp. 06/02/2025 $2000 - 2025 Overaged Select Inventory Bonus Cash w/ 41P. Exp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBN3ST527328
    Stock: E10618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-10-2024

    • 11,573 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Grubbs Nissan of Tulsa (449 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 449 miles away from Midland, TX

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner.Why get your next vehicle from Nissan of Tulsa? - Of course price is important and we do a grea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCN2ST508364
    Stock: ST508364
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

    • 93,072 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Midway Auto Group (308 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 308 miles away from Midland, TX

    Introducing the 2016 Jeep Compass High Altitude, now available at Midway Auto Group in Addison, Texas. This versatile SUV combines rugged capability w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB3GD708279
    Stock: 708279A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-24-2024

    • 20,374 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Marc Miller Buick GMC (448 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 448 miles away from Midland, TX

    This 2025 Jeep Compass Sport is a powerful and reliable 4x4 vehicle. It has a 2.0 liter 4 cylinder engine with turbocharged capabilities, and a fuel e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDAN4ST516565
    Stock: 5B022A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 2,089 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Sisbarro Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (333 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Deming, NM / 333 miles away from Midland, TX

    Silver Zynith Metallic Clearcoat 2025 Jeep Compass Latitude 4WD 8-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4 DOHC 4WD.Recent Arrival! 24/32 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBN3ST560281
    Stock: D10850A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

    • 78,730 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Houston Katy Freeway (404 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 404 miles away from Midland, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDBB7FD225719
    Stock: 26768386
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 70,565 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax Colorado Springs (496 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 496 miles away from Midland, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCEB6FD274688
    Stock: 26914508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 28 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Williams Chevrolet (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Stigler, OK / 454 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBN4ST516600
    Stock: 516600
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

  • New Listing
    $26,492
    fair price
    $612 above market
    • 7,534 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 1,220 miles away from Midland, TX

    Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBN4ST524096
    Stock: ST524096P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 122,337 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mario's Pasadena (437 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, TX / 437 miles away from Midland, TX

    2.4L L4 DOHC 16V CVT Latitude

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCEB2HD189642
    Stock: 189642
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 71,767 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Universal Motors (306 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 306 miles away from Midland, TX

    UNIVERSAL MOTORS AND AUTO CARE INC2747 Irving Blvd, Dallas, TX 75207(5**) 5**-4***clean title

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB4HD204583
    Stock: 204583
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 96,745 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Express Credit Auto - Norman (340 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Norman, OK / 340 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCEB0HD189591
    Stock: J89591
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 84,081 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ganas Ya Fort Worth (278 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 278 miles away from Midland, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCEA4HD151515
    Stock: P171927
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,657 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,025 miles away from Midland, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDCB3HT630780
    Stock: 2003708178
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 73,123 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Covert Bee Cave (266 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bee Cave, TX / 266 miles away from Midland, TX

    CALL 5**-9**-6*** to learn more about this exceptionally clean and well-equipped 2017 Jeep Compass High Altitude in Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB1HD193204
    Stock: DP1312A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 102,170 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Alta Mere DriveTime (271 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 271 miles away from Midland, TX

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB4FD207819
    Stock: 1040292013
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 57,850 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 592 miles away from Midland, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDBB5HT641460
    Stock: 2003716896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 82,819 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,432 miles away from Midland, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3C4NJDDB7HT689085
    Stock: 2003739766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 87,651 miles
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 1,192 miles away from Midland, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB2HD193194
    Stock: 2003516060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2025

Showing 1,807 - 1,827 out of 1,984 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Compass

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Compass
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars40 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 40 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (15%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
4 out of 5 stars

So let's talk about that motor and trans

Paul_L, 12/24/2020
2021 Jeep Compass Limited 4dr SUV 4WD (2.4L 4cyl 9A)
My wife drives a Compass Limited AWD, there are tons of reviews everywhere that talk about the seating, size, comfort, whatever. Let's talk about the big bugaboo - the complaints about sluggish performance. First off, there is nothing wrong with the motor. Period. Wind it up to over 3k RPM and it will go, no question about it. Fast revving, lots of fun, plenty of passing power, pay … attention or you can hit the redline quickly. The problem is the transmission - leave it in automatic mode and you'll never see that power, it shifts into high gears early and STAYS THERE. It's maddening, but you can easily overcome the problem by slapping the shifter to the left and using the manual-matic shifting function to go down a gear or two. On a flat 45 MPH road, trans wants to be in 7, when I drive it's in 5, maybe 6. Try it and you'll see what I mean, it's a bunch of fun if you want it to be. Oh, if the problem ended there. While this technique works (I use it every time I go out) the engineers have designed a delay in the downshifting to prevent numbskulled drivers from downshifting too fast into a gear that's too low. Wish they wouldn't do that, I'm not an idiot. At the very least, they could make this delay settable in the Settings on the info screen. Would also help if it had shifter paddles flanking the steering wheel but I suspect the built in radio buttons are in the way of that idea. Finally, for those who can't be bothered with manual mode, someone at Chrysler needs to explain they didn't provide a Sport mode for the automatic that shifted later and stayed in gear longer. Car would be an absolute blast and would only require one more shift gate with an "S" printed next to it and a different transmission map. Must be emissions, cost cutting, fuel economy, who knows, but it's pretty inexcusable no matter the reason. So why, after all this, do I think you should buy one? It's the entire package. Car is solid as a BRICK, absorbs our crappy Michigan roads no problem, feels like it's indestructible. Best infotainment interface in the industry, hands down, and I should know because I've seen them all (auto auctioneer). Great styling, great value for the money, especially the Limited which always seems to offer aggressive lease deals. Standard heated seats and (fat, leather) steering wheel on the Limited, once you have that feature you'll never live without it again. Easy to park, lots of available safety features, I could go on and on. I have a larger family and can grab the keys to a variety of cars, including my daughter's Ford Escape AWD with the 1.5 turbo and a decent trans. That car gets better fuel economy, shifts fine and is zippier. But it drives and looks like a mini-minivan. Hand me the keys to the Compass every time, thank you. It just has the IT factor that is hard to explain.
Report abuse

Used 2025 Jeep Compass in Midland, TX Values

Estimated values
2025 Jeep Compass Latitude 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,285$18,984$19,829
Clean$18,188$18,858$19,670
Average$18,028$18,647$19,404
Rough$17,819$18,374$19,060

The average list price of a used 2025 Jeep Compass in Midland, Texas is $18,482. The average mileage on a used Jeep Compass 2025 for sale in Midland, Texas is 53,684. Based on the average mileage of 53,684 for used 2025 Jeep Compass for sale in Midland, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Compass 2025 in Midland, Texas to be $18,028.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.