Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
274 listings
  • New Listing
    • 109,143 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Team Toyota of Glen Mills (98 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Glen Mills, PA / 98 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK4EU100786
    Stock: 83897A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $11,999
    good price
    $2,384 below market
    • 71,860 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, government vehicle
    • 43 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Super Auto Sales & Service (59 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 59 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    41 Combined MPG (43 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK4DU067495
    Stock: 067495
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $10,995
    fair price
    $749 below market
    • 77,915 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Toyota Leesburg (25 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 25 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Upgrade Pkg W/Voice-Activated Dvd-Based Navigation SystemLeather PkgPwr Tilt/Slide Moonroof PkgSun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemComfort...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (31 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB3EK8BU126337
    Stock: BU126337
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 32,383 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to MD*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, NC / 338 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK6DU096884
    Stock: 26583199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $430 above market
    • 100,644 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • InTouch Auto Outlet (64 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Spotsylvania Courthouse, VA / 64 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    *** UPGRADE PACKAGE, POWER TILT/SLIDE MOONROOF, PREFERRED PREMIUM ACCESSORY PACKAGE, CARFAX ONE PREVIOUS OWNER w/38 SERVICE RECORDS REPORTED *** ABS B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (31 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB3EK2BU129167
    Stock: A4281
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 64,843 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to MD*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 260 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK8DU096241
    Stock: 27304766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 97,346 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Regnum Auto Motors (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 29 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    *2011 Toyota Camry Hybrid Base Sedan for Sale in Manassas, VA | Efficient, Reliable, and Comfortably Equipped*Combining Toyota s legendary dependabili...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (31 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB3EK6BU138812
    Stock: 138812
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 72,906 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MD*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Amarillo, TX / 1,392 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK7DU086672
    Stock: 26830857
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,218 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to MD*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Montgomery, AL / 692 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FKXDU072166
    Stock: 26915979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 115,780 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Royce Automotive (75 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, PA / 75 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2013 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE 4 door sedan. 2 Owners, no accidents. April 2026 inspection. Automatic transmission. 2.5L 4 Cylinder hybrid engine. Fuel ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK5DU096794
    Stock: P2148
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $8,412
    good price
    $1,936 below market
    • 84,639 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Precise Automotive Group (27 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 27 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    At Precise Automotive Group, We're making car buying easier and more convenient than ever! Enjoy FREE & FAST Shipping on all vehicles straight to your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB46K39U083086
    Stock: P3086_2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,999
    fair price
    $580 below market
    • 126,178 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Car Cloud Auto Group (52 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 52 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    2008 Toyota Camry Hybrid - Great Condition - Stafford, VAFuel-efficient and reliable! This 2008 Toyota Camry Hybrid is in very good condition and read...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB46K88U033623
    Stock: 033623
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $5,999
    fair price
    $404 below market
    • 150,798 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Car Cloud Auto Group (52 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 52 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    For Sale: 2008 Toyota Camry Hybrid Sedan - Stafford, VA (Near Fredericksburg)Reliable and fuel-efficient! This 2008 Toyota Camry Hybrid comes with a c...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB46K78U043933
    Stock: 043933
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $7,980
    fair price
    $141 below market
    • 103,750 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ammoury Auto (16 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Falls Church, VA / 16 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Non-smoker owner, Vehicle Runs Well, Smooth ride, good tires, Regularly maintained, Lots of storage, Arctic cold a/c, No pets, Must test drive, Done a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTNBB46K773030295
    Stock: 2686
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $5,490
    fair price
    $41 below market
    • 247,869 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Cars (60 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in King George, VA / 60 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK2CU040021
    Stock: 040021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,995
    fair price
    $528 above market
    • 130,198 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Del Toyota (93 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Thorndale, PA / 93 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB46K79U088789
    Stock: 251183A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 140,885 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Deal Makers (25 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 25 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB46K97U013671
    Stock: 013671
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $8,695
    fair price
    $567 above market
    • 97,540 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Clear Choice Auto Sales (77 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Mechanicsburg, PA / 77 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Super clean hybrid Camry. PA inspected and emissions. Keep scrolling to learn a little more about us. *WARM, FRIENDLY CUSTOMER SERVICE *BETTER BUSI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (33 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BB46K07U006348
    Stock: FA5872
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2023

  • Price Drop
    • 60,747 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 627 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK3CU060357
    Stock: 2003690391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 146,828 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Car Logic of Wrightsville (69 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Wrightsville, PA / 69 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    This is a 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE 4dr sedan with ONLY 1 owner. NO ACCIDENTS. CLEAN TITLE. Clean CARFAX. SUPER Well Maintained. Runs and drives PE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FKXCU016498
    Stock: 016498
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 37,758 miles
    • Issue reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 40 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Joe & Paul Crouse Auto Sales (71 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Columbia, PA / 71 miles away from Silver Spring, MD

    Joe and Paul Crouse Inc is a reputable dealership that has been serving Lancaster County since the 1930 s. We offer a wide selection of high-quality u...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (40 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BD1FK1CU060972
    Stock: 060972
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

Showing 232 - 252 out of 274 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Camry Hybrid

Read recent reviews for the Toyota Camry Hybrid
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars40 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 40 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
5 out of 5 stars

Near perfect vehicle

Cotton, 12/17/2019
2020 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
Bought a 2020 camry hybrid le. After driving for a while now my wife and decided this is near perfect car. How to make it better I have no idea as it is smooth, quiet, intuitive, comfortable, roomy a d dependable. Recently drove my daughter to college 2.5 hours each way. She drove there a d is a bit of a lead foot still averaged almost 47 mpg this includes city a d highway combined. … On drive home I drove and was very conscious of power usage and typically ran 4mph over speed limit. I averaged 53 8 mpg.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid in Silver Spring, MD Values

Estimated values
2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,202$13,623$16,347
Clean$8,793$12,964$15,493
Average$8,111$11,866$14,071
Rough$7,225$10,438$12,222

The average list price of a used 2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid in Silver Spring, Maryland is $11,782. The average mileage on a used Toyota Camry Hybrid 2014 for sale in Silver Spring, Maryland is 100,487. Based on the average mileage of 100,487 for used 2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid for sale in Silver Spring, MD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Camry Hybrid 2014 in Silver Spring, Maryland to be $8,111.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.