Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,575 listings
  • Price Drop
    $35,287
    good price
    $2,039 below market
    • 72,417 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Kia of Huntington (432 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Huntington, NY / 432 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX7M5285006
    Stock: KU5847P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • $30,995
    fair price
    $298 below market
    • 94,960 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • TJ Auto (395 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brooklyn, NY / 395 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX8K5220127
    Stock: 220127
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $44,950
    fair price
    $667 above market
    • 27,416 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Chattanooga (331 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 331 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX3K5234940
    Stock: 234940LT
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,148 miles
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,196 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJJM7FXXK5223168
    Stock: 2003700237
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $31,953
    fair price
    $685 below market
    • 82,817 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Performance Lexus Northern Kentucky (278 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Wright, KY / 278 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    This 2019 Lexus Gx 460 is loaded with convenient features like: 4X4, Backup Cam, Moonroof, 3rd Row Seat, Navigation, Leather, Nuluxe Trim, Bluetooth, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX9K5219195
    Stock: K5219195A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $43,770
    fair price
    $452 above market
    • 69,859 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lindsay Lexus of Alexandria (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 189 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX0M5298468
    Stock: L49750A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $62,998
    fair price
    $1,320 above market
    • 35,541 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Flow Lexus of Winston Salem (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Winston Salem, NC / 86 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Check out this 2023! A great vehicle and a great value! With just over 35,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 door sport utility vehicle prioritizes com...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX5P5373475
    Stock: 38936A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,794
    fair price
    $37 above market
    • 90,380 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Fayetteville Acura (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, NC / 163 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    LOCAL TRADE, SUNROOF.**QUALITY PRE-OWNED** Save huge $$$ while getting a great pre-owned vehicle. Fayetteville Automall believes in selling quality pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX4K5233733
    Stock: K5233733
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 15,622 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jim Hudson Toyota (230 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Irmo, SC / 230 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Recent Arrival! Odometer is 11613 miles below market average! Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.Clean CarFax, One Owner, Well Maintained, 18" x 7.5J Alum...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX3P5360224
    Stock: T54019B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $44,239
    fair price
    $856 above market
    • 51,945 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Robert Loehr Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram FIAT (345 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cartersville, GA / 345 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Your satisfaction is our business! This vehicle won't be on the lot long! It delivers style and power in a single package! Lexus prioritized practical...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX3M5273726
    Stock: XXP5273726
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

    • 11,432 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Stoler Lexus (425 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Farmingdale, NY / 425 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Certified. 2023 Lexus GX 460 4WD 6-Speed Automatic with Sequential Shift ECT 4.6L V8 DOHC Dual VVT-i 32V*L/CERTIFIED, CLEAN CARFAX, PREMIUM PACKAGE,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX7P5379388
    Stock: SU34417T
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 8,316 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Chester Springs (301 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chester Springs, PA / 301 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 13128 miles below market average!L/Certified Details:* 161 Point Inspection* Roadside Assistance* Warranty...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX8P5361272
    Stock: CP3243
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

    • 15,070 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Huntsville (415 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Huntsville, AL / 415 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Recent Arrival! Lexus Of Huntsville is pleased to offer this Beautiful 2021 Lexus GX. This 460 Luxury GX is beautifully finished in Silver and complem...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGM7BX9M5287284
    Stock: P5287284
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $31,993
    fair price
    $748 above market
    • 93,173 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Thompson Lexus Willow Grove (328 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Willow Grove, PA / 328 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Thompson Lexus of Willow Grove, we ensure that all our vehicles are competitively priced to provide the best value in the market. We use independen...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1K5224875
    Stock: W2235L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $45,700
    fair price
    $17 above market
    • 50,798 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Milton Ruben Chevrolet (286 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Augusta, GA / 286 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Recent Arrival!Clean CARFAX.2021 Lexus GX 460 Milton Ruben Superstore is pleased to offer this Beautiful 2021 Lexus GX. This 460 GX is beautifully fin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX0M5296249
    Stock: CUT016060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 13,886 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Columbus (249 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 249 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX2P5373210
    Stock: 2003815243
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 34,572 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Toyota (455 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 455 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    ***THE STEVE SERRA AUTO GROUP*** ASK ABOUT OUR SERRA PLATINUM PACKAGE 3.0!! NOW AVAILABLE!!! */*/*COME SEE WHAT EVERYONE IS TALKING ABOUT!!*/*/* LARGE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX9P5346912
    Stock: PA346912
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $37,740
    fair price
    $1,108 above market
    • 44,163 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Hertrich Chevrolet GMC (236 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Easton, MD / 236 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Black Onyx exterior and ECRU interior. Heated Seats, 3rd Row Seat, Navigation, Sunroof, Running Boards, Back-Up Camera, Satellite Radio, MAHOGANY WOOD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX6K5219929
    Stock: R02075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2025

    • 10,006 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 999 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJAM7BX7M5270876
    Stock: 2003746423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $62,098
    fair price
    $1,266 above market
    • 17,996 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lynnes Hyundai (393 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomfield, NJ / 393 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    This 2023 Lexus GX has passed the Lynnes comprehensive 172 point inspection with flying colors. Our ASE certified technicians have inspected this GX a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGM7BX5P5367279
    Stock: HE8485P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $26,850
    fair price
    $574 above market
    • 132,905 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Doug Justus Auto Center (244 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Louisville, TN / 244 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBM7FX1K5211544
    Stock: L11544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

Showing 589 - 609 out of 1,575 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus GX 460

Read recent reviews for the Lexus GX 460
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (74%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

Smooth ride

Verogirl, 03/25/2020
2020 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A)
I've had my 2020 GX for over a month now. I read lots of reviews on this SUV and could have changed my mind if I based my decision solely on that. The ride is smooth and solid. I traded in a 2014 Lexus LS so I know what a smooth ride is. The technology may not be as updated as other SUVs but it is more than adequate for me. I live in Florida and the mpg are running 18.6 city and 23 … highway. Not great but when calculating the cost per year it's not a big deal. Besides safety and reliability are always the top priority.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Lexus GX 460 in Roanoke, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Lexus GX 460 4dr SUV 4WD (4.6L 8cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$37,500$39,927$42,358
Clean$36,914$39,293$41,674
Average$35,938$38,237$40,535
Rough$34,669$36,863$39,054

The average list price of a used 2021 Lexus GX 460 in Roanoke, Virginia is $47,431. The average mileage on a used Lexus GX 460 2021 for sale in Roanoke, Virginia is 49,544. Based on the average mileage of 49,544 for used 2021 Lexus GX 460 for sale in Roanoke, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus GX 460 2021 in Roanoke, Virginia to be $35,938.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.