Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
693 listings
  • New Listing
    $9,920
    great price
    $3,075 below market
    • 67,849 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • ALM Kia South (224 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Union City, GA / 224 miles away from Savannah, GA

    BACKUP CAMERA..SMART DEVICE INTEGRATION..KEYLESS ENTRY..BLUETOOTH..ALL PWR FULLY LOADED OPTIONS SUPER COLD AIR AC HEAT REAR DEFROST AUTO CLIMATE CNTRL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD0LE284202
    Stock: LE284202PP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,187
    good price
    $2,017 below market
    • 58,854 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Renaldo Kia (223 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Shelby, NC / 223 miles away from Savannah, GA

    2020 Kia Rio LX Silky SilverBlack Cloth.CARFAX One-Owner. 33/41 City/Highway MPGProudly Serving: Shelby. Gastonia, Charlotte, Asheville, Hickory...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD0LE357763
    Stock: K3824A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $14,100
    fair price
    $467 below market
    • 24,604 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Jerry Hunt Supercenter (267 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Lexington, NC / 267 miles away from Savannah, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Carfax Accident Free, One Owner, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Aux Audio, Black Cloth. 2020 Silky Silver Kia Rio 4D Sedan LX 1.6L 4-Cyli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD6LE314321
    Stock: 22980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $105 above market
    • 49,952 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet Airport (247 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 247 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Aurora BlackBlack; Woven Cloth Seat TrimThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Best of all the p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24ADXLE274325
    Stock: LE274325
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $871 below market
    • 74,303 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • VIP Kars (237 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 237 miles away from Savannah, GA

    KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: Bluetooth. This Kia Rio also includes Clock, Tachometer, Memory Seat Position, Tilt Steering Wheel, Powe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD1LE337053
    Stock: 337053
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $10,211
    fair price
    $363 below market
    • 100,603 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Xride Cars (296 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 296 miles away from Savannah, GA

    We are proud to present: Aurora Black 2020 Kia Rio LX FWD CVT 1.6L 4-Cylinder Rio LX, 4D Sedan, 1.6L 4-Cylinder, CVT, FWD, Aurora Black, Black Cloth.3...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD8LE284237
    Stock: 284237
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 87,242 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (228 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 228 miles away from Savannah, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD5LE294482
    Stock: 2003704338
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 41,550 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Raleigh (298 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 298 miles away from Savannah, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD3LE343131
    Stock: 27549382
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 57,569 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Hickory (253 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 253 miles away from Savannah, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD7LE302890
    Stock: 26918413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 56,630 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Wilmington (243 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, NC / 243 miles away from Savannah, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD7LE349742
    Stock: 27287518
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 41,821 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Taverna INFINITI North Miami (423 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in West Park, FL / 423 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Full dealer inspection and recently serviced. Extended warranties available for full peace of mind. If you'd like to inspect in person and are out of ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD7LE349613
    Stock: NV349613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $6,995
    great price
    $3,436 below market
    • 101,373 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarPro Auto Sales (431 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Chesapeake, VA / 431 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AB6KE203782
    Stock: 203782
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-15-2025

    • 90,816 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Chevrolet (341 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 341 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Silky Silver 2020 Kia Rio S FWD CVT 1.6L 4-Cylinder Black Cloth, 6 Speakers, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto, Bluetooth® Wireless Technology, Brake assis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD5LE284650
    Stock: P284650
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-25-2024

    • 66,773 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Harrisonburg (458 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Harrisonburg, VA / 458 miles away from Savannah, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD7LE302145
    Stock: 26948597
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,636
    fair price
    $547 above market
    • 41,656 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • TAZ Auto Group (261 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Sanford, NC / 261 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD1LE313996
    Stock: T6328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $13,495
    fair price
    $164 above market
    • 53,293 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Riviera Auto Sales South (194 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Daytona Beach, FL / 194 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD1LE309219
    Stock: 309219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 75,355 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Prestige Automall (86 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Summerville, SC / 86 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD4LE331859
    Stock: 12079
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,489
    fair price
    $45 above market
    • 102,554 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • VIP Auto Enterprise (240 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 240 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD3LE330430
    Stock: 330430
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 46,095 miles
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Auto-Mattox (389 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Appomattox, VA / 389 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. Black Cloth. Deep Sea Blue 2020 Kia Rio S FWD CVT 1.6L 4-Cylinder***WE HAVE GUARANTEED CREDIT APPROVAL*** 33/41 City/H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD0LE293336
    Stock: M5229A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

    • 54,614 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Best Used Cars (222 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 222 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24AD7LE354181
    Stock: LE354181-1139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 51,920 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 33 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Birmingham Auto Auction (354 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Hueytown, AL / 354 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (33 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3KPA24ADXLE329338
    Stock: 19816
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 693 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Kia Rio

Read recent reviews for the Kia Rio
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars35 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 35 reviews
  • 5 star
    (60%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
4 out of 5 stars

Excellent commuter

Walter, 06/11/2020
2020 Kia Rio LX 4dr Sedan (1.6L 4cyl CVT)
Pros: It's sharp and comfortable, regular 37-39 MPG in town, only paid $15,900 new, the infotainment system is pretty good and responsive despite the price. Cons: It gets blown around on the freeway, there needs to be a mode between normal and sport for the freeway, no keyless entry or cruise on the base model. I purchased the base LX with floor mats as the only option. It reminds … me of a cross between my mother's 2005 Honda Civic and my old 2003 Saturn S-Series. All are simple, durable, and go-kart like. It get great gas mileage, and does the trick for commuting. The IVT doesn't have the typical CVT drone, and honestly it's fairly peppy for the segment. There's more front driver room than in my old Chevy Malibu. However, you'll wrestle with it on the freeway. It doesn't track great about 65 mph, and gets blown around by wind and semi-truck wake. Being used to small cars (Saturn, Metro, Cobalt, Cavalier), I did get used to it. Cruise control and big tires would help. It was one of the cheapest new cars on the market. It's not the best at everything. The Honda Fit is roomier, but terribly cheap on the inside and much pricier. The Ford Fiesta is way more fun to drive, but the reliability is awful (I'd own one if it didn't have such a bad transmission). The Nissan Versa is made by Nissan. The Yaris is cool looking, but pricier. The Mirage is equally as basic and cheap, but terrible to drive. The Spark is terrible all around. In the end, it's not the best, it's just the perfect medium spot for price, feature and comfort. I'll be sure to drive it into the ground.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Kia Rio in Savannah, GA Values

Estimated values
2020 Kia Rio S 4dr Sedan (1.6L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,011$11,004$12,927
Clean$8,711$10,632$12,483
Average$8,212$10,013$11,743
Rough$7,563$9,207$10,782

The average list price of a used 2020 Kia Rio in Savannah, Georgia is $12,479. The average mileage on a used Kia Rio 2020 for sale in Savannah, Georgia is 64,068. Based on the average mileage of 64,068 for used 2020 Kia Rio for sale in Savannah, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Kia Rio 2020 in Savannah, Georgia to be $8,212.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.