Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
796 listings
  • $10,595
    good price
    $1,381 below market
    • 68,350 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Nissan of Ft Pierce (434 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 434 miles away from Macon, GA

    2021 Chevrolet Spark 4D Hatchback Mosaic Black Metallic CVT 1LT CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! LOJACK, 3.76 Final Drive Axle ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA5MC748492
    Stock: NR1435
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2024

  • $10,499
    good price
    $1,623 below market
    • 85,253 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Das Autohaus Quality Used Cars (349 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 349 miles away from Macon, GA

    2021 CHEVY SPARK LS 4DR HATCHBACK WITH 85K MILES. DAS AUTOHAUS HAS FINANCING OPTIONS FOR ALL BUYERS . WE ARE A REPUTABLE USED CAR DEALERSHIP WITH GREA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SAXMC226737
    Stock: 226737
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,900
    good price
    $1,240 below market
    • 64,015 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Billy Ray Taylor Auto Sales (198 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Cullman, AL / 198 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA1MC721743
    Stock: BT2430
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $16,895
    good price
    $939 below market
    • 12,009 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Pinkerton Chevrolet Buick GMC (405 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 405 miles away from Macon, GA

    Recent Arrival! 2021 Chevrolet Spark ACTIV ACTIV Silver Ice Metallic FWD CVT 1.4L DOHC30/37 City/Highway MPG 30/37 City/Highway MPGThis vehicle qualif...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CH6SAXMC228292
    Stock: L14634A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • $12,499
    good price
    $1,068 below market
    • 64,632 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 2,235 miles away from Macon, GA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA7MC741141
    Stock: 7VSMGW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-15-2025

  • $10,999
    good price
    $1,584 below market
    • 52,499 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Road Rive (240 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 240 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA8MC705884
    Stock: 705884
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-05-2024

  • Price Drop
    $10,855
    great price
    $2,777 below market
    • 61,680 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Albany, NY / 870 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Satellite Radio,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cylinder Engine,A/C,A/T,ABS,Adjustable Steering Whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA9MC216467
    Stock: MC216467R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,586
    good price
    $1,204 below market
    • 48,645 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Hubert Vester Honda (388 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Wilson, NC / 388 miles away from Macon, GA

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 12688 miles below market average! CARFAX One-Owner.Summit White 2021 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4D Hatchbac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA1MC702612
    Stock: CN3404A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,998
    fair price
    $736 below market
    • 57,294 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,635 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA3MC747552
    Stock: 26956393
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,998
    fair price
    $701 below market
    • 58,758 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,635 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA4MC224766
    Stock: 26955938
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $9,400
    fair price
    $627 below market
    • 55,575 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Cox Chevrolet (381 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Bradenton, FL / 381 miles away from Macon, GA

    9**-7**-0***, 3.76 Final Drive Axle Ratio, 4 Speakers, 4-Speaker Audio System Feature, AM/FM radio, Brake assist, Bumpers: body-color, Delay-off headl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA7KC808291
    Stock: B201392A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • $13,710
    fair price
    $417 below market
    • 64,494 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Baugh Ford (163 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Clanton, AL / 163 miles away from Macon, GA

    Want to know the secret ingredient to this 2021 Chevrolet Spark? This Spark has traveled 64487 miles and is ready for you to drive it for many more.W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SAXMC743336
    Stock: 1246P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-15-2024

  • New Listing
    $12,988
    fair price
    $472 below market
    • 8,224 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bob Hook Chevrolet (381 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 381 miles away from Macon, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Mosaic Black Metallic 2019 Chevrolet Spark 1LT FWD CVT 1.4L DOHCNEW ARRIVAL ! GOING THROUGH SERVICE AND DETAIL. YOU CA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA3KC733762
    Stock: 18744P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,400
    fair price
    $746 below market
    • 63,778 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Billy Ray Taylor Auto Sales (198 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Cullman, AL / 198 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA9MC716788
    Stock: BT2455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,490
    good price
    $1,412 below market
    • 97,252 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Columbus Auto Source (488 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 488 miles away from Macon, GA

    BIG TIME GAS MILEAGE WITH THIS COMPACT 4-DOOR HATCHBACK FEATURING A SUPER EFFICIENT 4-CYLINDER MOTOR, AUTO TRANSMISSION, A/C, STRAIGHT FROM ATLANTA, G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA1KC725293
    Stock: 725293
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $8,962
    fair price
    $651 below market
    • 100,850 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Tom Gill Buick GMC (451 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 451 miles away from Macon, GA

    2019 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 30/38 City/Highway MPGFiehrer Buick GMC Family Owned and Operated for Over 92 Years!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA4KC736685
    Stock: 2370NA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,629
    fair price
    $712 below market
    • 55,281 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Brandon Honda (352 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 352 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SAXMC216574
    Stock: C216574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • $10,900
    fair price
    $412 below market
    • 52,948 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mc Ghee Auto Sales (63 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 63 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA3KC755282
    Stock: 16-041
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,599
    fair price
    $745 below market
    • 76,446 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Stockton, CA / 2,123 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA6MC222355
    Stock: 26945543
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $13,197
    fair price
    $536 below market
    • 37,026 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Hare Honda (496 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Avon, IN / 496 miles away from Macon, GA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CD6SA3MC227352
    Stock: HAH251741A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • $12,600
    fair price
    $755 below market
    • 63,810 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Busam Ford (454 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, OH / 454 miles away from Macon, GA

    2021 Chevrolet Spark LSClean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.FWD 1.4L DOHC CVT30/38 City/Highway MPGYour hometown dealer since 1909! Call 9**-3**-3*** to ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL8CB6SA7MC711563
    Stock: PL180090A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

Showing 253 - 273 out of 796 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Spark

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Spark
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars47 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 47 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4 out of 5 stars

My urban car

Bill, 03/12/2020
2020 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4dr Hatchback (1.4L 4cyl 5M)
The Spark is exactly what it is intended to be--an urban run-about! I find it to be attractive in looks and efficient to drive. The visibility is great and I have no complaints. It is a small car and that is what I expected.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Chevrolet Spark in Macon, GA Values

Estimated values
2021 Chevrolet Spark 1LT 4dr Hatchback (1.4L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,607$11,447$13,295
Clean$9,338$11,117$12,902
Average$8,888$10,568$12,247
Rough$8,304$9,853$11,395

The average list price of a used 2021 Chevrolet Spark in Macon, Georgia is $11,938. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Spark 2021 for sale in Macon, Georgia is 59,468. Based on the average mileage of 59,468 for used 2021 Chevrolet Spark for sale in Macon, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Spark 2021 in Macon, Georgia to be $8,888.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.