Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
246 listings
  • $13,599
    fair price
    $1,218 above market
    • 89,913 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 2,342 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF4G1070655
    Stock: 26768677
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 105,962 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,210 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF3G1025870
    Stock: 27353859
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 79,787 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 144 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFF1G1028722
    Stock: 2003652640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • Know your buying power

    Shop smarter by knowing your car’s value.

    Appraise my car
    • 94,168 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,200 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF2G1070914
    Stock: 27242358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 75,855 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 395 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFF7G1070103
    Stock: 26686675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 88,800 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oak Lawn, IL / 574 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFF9G1097917
    Stock: 26910866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,132 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 1,179 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUDGY7RA058705
    Stock: 8FWR6T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 31,367 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 464 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUDGY7RA043296
    Stock: 27435456
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 89,835 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Fitzgerald Toyota Chambersburg (63 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chambersburg, PA / 63 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Introducing the 2016 Audi A3! It captivates spirited drivers searching for the perfect blend of practicality and performance. Turbocharger technology ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF3G1070887
    Stock: WL97411B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 85,079 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bakersfield, CA / 2,284 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF2G1022734
    Stock: 27173299
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 75,592 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Irvine, CA / 2,254 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC7GFF4G1059776
    Stock: 27370852
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 95,658 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 1,166 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFFXG1024653
    Stock: 26622854
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $8,721
    fair price
    $295 above market
    • 131,035 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Temecula, CA / 2,223 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,Turbo/Supercharged,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFFXG1086505
    Stock: G1086505A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 63,083 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 378 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFFXG1070790
    Stock: 2003695587
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 56,474 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 729 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF2G1071531
    Stock: 24953874
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $38,790
    fair price
    $43 below market
    • 1,116 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 903 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGUDGY0SA046847
    Stock: TDSA046847
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,998
    fair price
    $25 below market
    • 98,423 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 2,227 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU7FLFF7F1070394
    Stock: 27381811
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,998
    fair price
    $421 below market
    • 55,925 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 1,925 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUEFGFF8F1059404
    Stock: 26822576
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $16,991
    fair price
    $98 below market
    • 24,322 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Audi Bethesda (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bethesda, MD / 20 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUEFGFF3F1128113
    Stock: AD250289A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,990
    fair price
    $1,035 above market
    • 38,892 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,347 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUACGFF7F1112083
    Stock: 2003560574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

    • 78,137 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 2,252 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUACGFFXF1021244
    Stock: 27117745
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 190 - 210 out of 246 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi A3

Read recent reviews for the Audi A3
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (64%)
  • 4 star
    (4%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

The best damn little car I ever had!

Glenn Tanner, 03/31/2017
2017 Audi A3 2.0 TFSI Premium Plus quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6AM)
If you want to turn heads, a great ride, and affordability, this is the car for you. When I say great ride, I mean great ride. It hugs the road. It's almost as if the car is saying, "Let me show you what I can do". I was on the highway one afternoon, and the engine was purring like a much contented cat, when I glanced at the tach, and it was around 2000rpms. Then, I looked over to the … speedometer, and I doing close to 90mph. It' just that smooth. Of course I slowed down, but jeez! Curves, cake. Passing, let's go. When you get in, you feel pampered, but not overwhelmed. The controls and appointments are laid out in a pleasing and thoughtful manner. Yes, the trunk is small, but are you really going to throw 100 pounds of mulch back there? Didn't think so. I looked at the Mercedes CLA-4 MATIC, and the Cadillac ATS, but neither came close. If you like to drive as much as I do, drive the Audi A3.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Audi A3 in Ashburn, VA Values

Estimated values
2016 Audi A3 1.8 TFSI Premium 4dr Sedan (1.8L 4cyl Turbo 6AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,308$12,827$15,314
Clean$8,977$12,349$14,718
Average$8,425$11,553$13,727
Rough$7,707$10,518$12,437

The average list price of a used 2016 Audi A3 in Ashburn, Virginia is $17,516. The average mileage on a used Audi A3 2016 for sale in Ashburn, Virginia is 70,645. Based on the average mileage of 70,645 for used 2016 Audi A3 for sale in Ashburn, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi A3 2016 in Ashburn, Virginia to be $8,425.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.