Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
287 listings
    • 26,057 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 468 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Premium Sound,Satellite Rad...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ83BR03P3P74244
    Stock: L17602T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,742 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,142 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23BR07P3P43472
    Stock: 2003775476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,990
    fair price
    $832 above market
    • 25,726 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Dreyer & Reinbold MINI (169 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 169 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Clean CARFAX. White Metallic 2023 MINI Cooper S Countryman Iconic AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V, 8-S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ83BR01P3R23475
    Stock: MA4549P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Cooper S Countryman ALL4 Iconic Blazing Blue 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16VABS brakes, Active Driver Seat w/Lumbar Support, Active Driving Assistant Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA03S7P53314
    Stock: 59592L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2024

  • New Listing
    • 17,658 miles
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 494 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ53BR07P3P83998
    Stock: 2003829349
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Cincinnati MINI - Passion for the Drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA05S7P51211
    Stock: 59554L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Cooper S Countryman ALL4 Iconic Midnight Black II 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16VSpace-Saver Spare, MINI Luggage Compartment Mat, MINI Floating Center C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA03S7P88614
    Stock: 59594L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    MINI Countryman S ALL4Exterior Color: Slate Blue MetallicInterior Upholstery: Vintage Brown VescinTrim: Iconic Trim in the Favoured StyleNow available...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA0XS7T06611
    Stock: 59757L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Cooper S Countryman ALL4 Iconic Chili Red II 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16V 24/32 City/Highway MPGMINI Luggage Compartment Mat, MINI First Aid Kit, MIN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA02S7R49518
    Stock: 59650L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Cooper S Countryman ALL4 Iconic Chili Red II 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16V 24/32 City/Highway MPGSpace-Saver Spare, MINI Luggage Compartment Mat, MINI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA01S7R63913
    Stock: 59693L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-25-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Countryman S ALL4 Iconic Chili Red II 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16V 24/32 City/Highway MPGSpace-Saver Spare, Black All Weather Floor Mats, MINI Luggag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA07S7S04652
    Stock: 59741L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-13-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINIďż˝ Countryman S ALL4 Iconic Blazing Blue Metallic 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16V 24/32 City/Highway MPGSpace-Saver Spare, Black All Weather Floor Mats, M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA08S7R97394
    Stock: 59743L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-20-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Countryman S ALL4 Chili Red II 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16VActive Driver Seat w/Lumbar Support, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Auto-Dimming Interior &...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA02S7S00122
    Stock: 60272L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2025 MINI Countryman S ALL4 Iconic Midnight Black II 2.0L 4-Cylinder 16V 24/32 City/Highway MPGSpace-Saver Spare, Black All Weather Floor Mats, MINI L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA08S7R97685
    Stock: 59715L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-29-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA07S7S81361
    Stock: 60350L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA0XS7T01571
    Stock: 60373L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cincinnati MINI (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 95 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Command the road in the 2025 MINI Countryman S ALL4, now available at Cincinnati MINI. Dressed in Midnight Black II Metallic, this bold and versatile ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ23GA05S7S58953
    Stock: 60308L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,998
    fair price
    $848 above market
    • 30,978 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 336 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ83BR05P3P36482
    Stock: 27203980
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 39,975 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,037 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Premium Sound,Satellite Radio,Sunr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ83BR06P3P37558
    Stock: P3P37558PC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $28,998
    good price
    $2,247 below market
    • 12,160 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,521 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ83BR03R3S01234
    Stock: 26956868
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,207
    good price
    $2,323 below market
    • 44,431 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Columbiana Ford (134 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbiana, OH / 134 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Recent Arrival! 2024 MINI Cooper S Countryman Blue AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V LIFETIME ENGINE WARRANTY, 2 FREE OIL CHANGES, GOOD TIR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WMZ83BR03R3R40104
    Stock: P1040
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

Showing 211 - 231 out of 287 listings

Consumer Reviews for the MINI Countryman

Read recent reviews for the MINI Countryman
Overall Consumer Rating
3.2 out of 5 stars6 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 6 reviews
  • 5 star
    (33%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (17%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (33%)
4 out of 5 stars

Nice car with a small, but expensive design flaw

Steve, 07/09/2020
2017 MINI Countryman Cooper S ALL4 4dr Wagon AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
I have owned two Mini Countryman, a 2015 and now currently a 2017 Countryman S ALL4. The car itself is nice, and after 3 years I am happy overall with the vehicle. One issue I have had ; My daughter had her drink spill on the center console, a full fountain drink that dripped out the top and onto the console as she rounded a corner. This occurred several weeks ago and has had time to … dry completely. I now have a transmission service light on that cannot be extinguished. I took the car to the dealer, and this is what I was told. Liquid, spilled on the console, near the cup holders, will seep into the gear shifter mechanism located directly below the cup holders. When this mechanism and it's circuitry get wet, it triggers a transmission warning light that may not extinguish, even after the mechanism has been dried. What has been explained to me, is that a moisture detector, once triggered, will show this fault until the unit is replaced, even if there is no mechanical or electrical reason for this fault light to remain on. The price to replace this unit (which is not mechanically or electrically compromised)? $1500.00 My recommendation, don't allow any beverage in the car unless it's a sealed bottle, and then be very careful not to spill it.
Report abuse

Used 2023 MINI Countryman in Columbus, OH Values

Estimated values
2023 MINI Countryman Cooper S ALL4 4dr Wagon AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$25,778$27,888$30,273
Clean$25,507$27,510$29,771
Average$25,055$26,879$28,936
Rough$24,467$26,059$27,850

The average list price of a used 2023 MINI Countryman in Columbus, Ohio is $39,821. The average mileage on a used MINI Countryman 2023 for sale in Columbus, Ohio is 10,558. Based on the average mileage of 10,558 for used 2023 MINI Countryman for sale in Columbus, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used MINI Countryman 2023 in Columbus, Ohio to be $25,055.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.