Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
251 listings
  • New Listing
    • 27,736 miles
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Genesis of Chantilly (11 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 11 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERDKW9MJ265845
    Stock: 1282046A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    great price
    $2,799 below market
    • 50,434 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NH to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manchester, NH / 427 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKWXNJ181464
    Stock: 27320600
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $34,471
    great price
    $2,310 below market
    • 44,906 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Stetler Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in York, PA / 93 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2022 Buick Enclave Avenir AWD.You are cordially invited to meet the friendliest staff in all of York County. Where we concentrate on the opportunity t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW3NJ137706
    Stock: 744602A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2025

  • $6,995
    good price
    $1,963 below market
    • 120,613 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Global Pre Owned Auto Sales (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Martinsburg, WV / 59 miles away from Manassas, VA

    Visit Global Pre Owned Auto Sales online at pending.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 3**-2**-2*** today to schedule your tes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKVCEDXCJ117513
    Stock: AD7513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,490
    fair price
    $380 below market
    • 15,022 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Manassas (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 6 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2022 Buick Enclave Essence AWD | Certified | One Owner | Sport Touring | Only 15K Miles! 5K Tow Capacity | Clean CARFAXEbony Twilight | AWD | 3-Row Lu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW1NJ193700
    Stock: 193700A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $7,370
    good price
    $756 below market
    • 164,373 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Klamath Falls, OR / 2,313 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKVDED9CJ180169
    Stock: CJ180169
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,990
    fair price
    $380 below market
    • 150,345 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Town (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Harrisonburg, VA / 82 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKVCED6CJ218449
    Stock: A218449T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • $33,998
    good price
    $1,636 below market
    • 22,749 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 611 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW6NJ155525
    Stock: 27435601
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,590
    good price
    $1,663 below market
    • 67,335 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 414 miles away from Manassas, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERCKW0NJ134928
    Stock: 2003498921
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,998
    fair price
    $575 below market
    • 16,801 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Parker, CO / 1,461 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW1NJ160058
    Stock: 26700774
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $31,538
    fair price
    $1,146 below market
    • 30,781 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 736 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVAKW7NJ168493
    Stock: NJ168493
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,998
    fair price
    $49 below market
    • 31,081 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lithia Springs, GA / 526 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW5NJ146275
    Stock: 27323596
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $35,998
    good price
    $1,097 below market
    • 41,540 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 2,309 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW3NJ181186
    Stock: 27271671
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $35,998
    fair price
    $382 below market
    • 44,238 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hillside, IL / 592 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW7NJ106071
    Stock: 27435658
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,998
    fair price
    $484 above market
    • 31,294 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 299 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW8NJ153351
    Stock: 27177254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $29,995
    fair price
    $570 below market
    • 58,425 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy Lexus of Richmond (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 86 miles away from Manassas, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW2NJ121703
    Stock: X1851VA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,998
    fair price
    $334 above market
    • 42,389 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Loyalty Nissan (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chester, VA / 99 miles away from Manassas, VA

    2022 Buick Enclave Premium Where Luxury Meets Affordability! Welcome to the sweet spot of luxury and practicality. The 2022 Buick Enclave Premium is t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW7NJ167298
    Stock: C5167298
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $28,998
    fair price
    $15 below market
    • 35,930 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Royal Palm Beach, FL / 849 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW1NJ143521
    Stock: 27461572
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,990
    good price
    $1,577 below market
    • 90,023 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Boston, MA / 414 miles away from Manassas, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW4NJ106037
    Stock: 2003456143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    fair price
    $115 above market
    • 45,948 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Boynton Beach, FL / 856 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW1NJ170251
    Stock: 27299822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 46,316 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Johnston, IA / 882 miles away from Manassas, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVCKW8NJ123851
    Stock: NJ123851DT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 169 - 189 out of 251 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Buick Enclave

Read recent reviews for the Buick Enclave
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars28 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 28 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (18%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love this Car!

Ruby, 01/06/2018
2017 Buick Enclave Premium Group 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
We own a 2017 Enclave with all the bells and whistles. We bought it used. It is the best ride we have ever owned. Took it to Canada for a two-day drive both ways, my husband did the driving. He said it was amazing how easy it was to drive and he didn't feel worn out. My ride was so comfy.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Buick Enclave in Manassas, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Buick Enclave Avenir 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$25,775$27,532$29,293
Clean$25,226$26,932$28,640
Average$24,312$25,932$27,552
Rough$23,123$24,632$26,137

The average list price of a used 2021 Buick Enclave in Manassas, Virginia is $28,161. The average mileage on a used Buick Enclave 2021 for sale in Manassas, Virginia is 56,109. Based on the average mileage of 56,109 for used 2021 Buick Enclave for sale in Manassas, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Buick Enclave 2021 in Manassas, Virginia to be $24,312.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.