Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
670 listings
    • 115,645 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Dallas I Car (469 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 469 miles away from McAllen, TX

    2012 Buick Enclave Leather Sport Utility 4D V6, 3.6 Liter Auto, 6-Spd Overdrive FWD 4 6 SUV Gasoline 288 White Beige 5GAKRCED2CJ422461 115,645Dallas I...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRCED2CJ422461
    Stock: 422461
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 76,491 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Beck & Masten North GMC Buick (304 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 304 miles away from McAllen, TX

    Excellent Condition. EPA 26 MPG Hwy/18 MPG City! Heated Leather Seats, 3rd Row Seat, NAV, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, Quad Seats, Tow Hitch, TRAILERING ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERCKW7JJ259564
    Stock: JJ259564
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $13,995
    fair price
    $669 above market
    • 102,241 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Hollingsworth Auto Center LLC (408 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Sulphur, LA / 408 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRCKD9GJ246065
    Stock: 246065
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 151,589 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Midland Motors (463 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Midland, TX / 463 miles away from McAllen, TX

    Visit Midland Motors to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 4**-2**-0*** to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD0EJ266664
    Stock: 66664
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-27-2024

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 76,945 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Cedar Park (299 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cedar Park, TX / 299 miles away from McAllen, TX

    2018 Buick Enclave Ebony Twilight Metallic Brandy w/ Ebony Accents Discover luxury and versatility with this Black 2018 Buick Enclave Premium 4x4 Cr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAEVBKW9JJ200098
    Stock: JJ200098
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 149,968 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Weber Creek Motors (114 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Corpus Christi, TX / 114 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD7GJ314888
    Stock: 314888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 70,091 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,440 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKVBKD4EJ186330
    Stock: 2003454639
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-27-2025

  • $16,998
    fair price
    $311 above market
    • 70,564 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Ocola, FL / 1,001 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD2GJ268306
    Stock: 26746636
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    • 86,252 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,205 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD4GJ183922
    Stock: 2003542984
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

    • 91,248 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Bogey Capital Lending (301 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 301 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRCKD7GJ131920
    Stock: PGJ131920
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 62,689 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 1,271 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD8EJ289299
    Stock: 27267013
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 64,660 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Liquidators Plus (375 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Waco, TX / 375 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKDXGJ174125
    Stock: P17005
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-05-2024

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    • 65,696 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Van Hyundai (474 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 474 miles away from McAllen, TX

    Discover the 2018 Buick Enclave Premium: Where Luxury Meets Performance in a Sleek Pepperdust Metallic FinishExperience the perfect blend of luxury...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERCKW6JJ211781
    Stock: JJ211781
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 108,622 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CE Auto Sales and Finance (316 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Baytown, TX / 316 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD7EJ299211
    Stock: 299211
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 53,738 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (464 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 464 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERCKW4JJ275477
    Stock: 2003696466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 47,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax North Houston (313 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 313 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERDKW9JJ271771
    Stock: 27349042
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Buick Enclave
    $45,000
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 3 Trims
    • 5 Packages
    View Offers 
    The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all Buick vehicles' destination freight charges.
  • New Listing
    • 190,670 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • B & M Car Co (331 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 331 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRCKD5EJ262664
    Stock: 262664
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 123,961 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • A-1 Used Cars (196 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Victoria, TX / 196 miles away from McAllen, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRBKD4EJ234655
    Stock: 14938
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 70,077 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Pharr (3 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Pharr, TX / 3 miles away from McAllen, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAERBKW5JJ259458
    Stock: 27352542
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 133,060 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Roger Beasley Mazda Central (288 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 288 miles away from McAllen, TX

    White Diamond Tricoat 2012 Buick Enclave Leather Group FWD 6-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 SIDI DOHC VVTNeed Financing? We have competitive financing ter...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKRCED5CJ107721
    Stock: C2928B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 93,744 miles
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 970 miles away from McAllen, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5GAKVCKD9EJ170839
    Stock: 2003591115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 670 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Buick Enclave

Read recent reviews for the Buick Enclave
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (10%)
  • 3 star
    (29%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
3 out of 5 stars

My wife loves it but it has issues

Tony M, 09/15/2015
2015 Buick Enclave Convenience Group 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
This is our second Enclave. As with the first, a strut needed to be replaced before 20k miles (both needed front right strut?), and as with the first one continuous transmission slippage between 2nd and 3rd gears. My second one also has motor-mounts that need to be replaced (31k miles on it)! It is currently in the shop where they are replacing the motor-mounts and have replicated and … are trouble shooting the transmission slippage. They are most likely design/quality issues. I work with an exceptional dealership (Carl Black in Atl), and they have been the difference between me walking away from Buick vs. "Sticking it out" as they work out the kinks.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Buick Enclave in McAllen, TX Values

Estimated values
2012 Buick Enclave Leather Group 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$4,315$7,336$9,061
Clean$4,075$6,893$8,473
Average$3,676$6,156$7,492
Rough$3,157$5,197$6,216

The average list price of a used 2012 Buick Enclave in McAllen, Texas is $17,156. The average mileage on a used Buick Enclave 2012 for sale in McAllen, Texas is 95,514. Based on the average mileage of 95,514 for used 2012 Buick Enclave for sale in McAllen, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Buick Enclave 2012 in McAllen, Texas to be $3,676.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.