Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,402 listings
  • $14,999
    fair price
    $372 above market
    • 126,251 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • KC Motorsports (461 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tulsa, OK / 461 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG8GH344705
    Stock: 2111
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,384
    fair price
    $366 above market
    • 65,066 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bob Caldwell Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 473 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Only 65,048 Miles! Scores 27 Highway MPG and 18 City MPG! This Dodge Challenger delivers a Regular Unleaded V-6 3.6 L/220 engine powering this Automa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZGGXJH235113
    Stock: 47157
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,989
    fair price
    $210 below market
    • 63,148 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Bart's Car Store-Columbia City (329 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbia City, IN / 329 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZBT1GH326008
    Stock: 102775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 963 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Quality Auto Sales (274 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NE / 274 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Super Hard To Find 2016 Dodge Challenger Hellcat In Plum Crazy Purple.. ONLY 963 MILES! Premium Laguna Leather Heated & Cooled Seats, 6.2 Supercharged...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZC96GH118225
    Stock: 118225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-27-2024

    • 27,121 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Better Buy Auto Sales (193 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Union Grove, WI / 193 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Vehicle does have a wisconsin rebuilt title. Passed state inspection and can be registered and driven in any state. Modifications= Extra 200 HP= ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZC98GH152912
    Stock: 152912
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2024

  • $23,995
    fair price
    $509 above market
    • 70,156 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Scoreboard Automotive (244 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Eureka, MO / 244 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Scoreboard Automotive Sales and Leasing Sales 1375 W 5th St Eureka, MO 63025 6**-5**-9*** Recent Arrival! Bright White Clearcoat 2012 Dodge Challenger...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYCJXCH105914
    Stock: 3202B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

    • 37,911 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Star Auto Works (189 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 189 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2012 Dodge Challenger STX Coupe 2 Door, 6 Cylinder 3.6 Liter Engine, 5 Speed Manual Transmission, Clean One Owner Vehical History, Steering Wheel Audi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYAG2CH174944
    Stock: C12944499
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 8,455 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Mashburn Motors (472 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Clair, MI / 472 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYCJ6CH121074
    Stock: 10136
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

    • 10,142 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • GR Auto Gallery of Grand Rapids (320 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grand Rapids, MI / 320 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    GR Auto Gallery is excited to present this 2016 Dodge Challenger SRT for your consideration. Drenched in menacing Black paint over a bold Black and Re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZDJ2GH264159
    Stock: B5914 S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $23,990
    fair price
    $1,182 above market
    • 76,441 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Jim Trenary Chevrolet of Troy (209 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Troy, MO / 209 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Cloth front bucket seats, backup camera, dual zone front automatic A/C, 2dr coupe, HEMI 5.7L V8 multi displacement VVT, 8-speed automatic, RWD, 20" al...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZBT2GH221574
    Stock: TP3737A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 5,562 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Carvana - Columbus (473 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 473 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZDJ0JH326262
    Stock: 2003767507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,300
    fair price
    $653 above market
    • 32,609 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Unique Auto (227 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 227 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZFJ6GH271628
    Stock: D2149
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 13,909 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Diamond Auto Sales of Portage (312 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portage, MI / 312 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    GREAT PRICE - We Finance & Pay Top Dollar For Trade Ins!!!!! Comes with a Free Carfax report. This rwd 2016 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat features a Bl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZC96GH314682
    Stock: 3479
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $27,500
    fair price
    $955 above market
    • 50,314 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • SVG Motors Beavercreek (427 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Beavercreek, OH / 427 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    This 2012 dodge Challenger SRT8 392 has a SIVER exterior with 50304 miles. MOPAR Interior Appearance Group ($1,025 value)MOPAR Premium Floor Mats wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYCJ7CH254135
    Stock: CH254135
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,900
    fair price
    $683 above market
    • 88,033 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Integrity Autoplex (293 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 293 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    The 2016 Dodge Challenger SXT in sleek black exudes a bold, confident spirit perfect for those who crave a blend of classic muscle and modern comfort....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG6GH209867
    Stock: 11908
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,794
    great price
    $5,939 below market
    • 61,572 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl manual
    • Grote Automotive (293 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Elkhart, IN / 293 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2B3CJ7DJ7BH550494
    Stock: 550494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 21,706 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 688 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYBT8CH189217
    Stock: 2003786728
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $21,900
    fair price
    $468 above market
    • 76,968 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Morlan Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (369 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sikeston, MO / 369 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    ** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, ** Bluetooth, Hands Free, ** Premium Sound System / Premium Audio, ** Stability Contr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG6JH276881
    Stock: J25-124A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

    • 8,256 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Lash Chevrolet (484 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Johnstown, OH / 484 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    WOW! ULTRA-LOW MILES! GREAT FOR A COLLECTION! THIS METICULOUSLY CARED FOR 2016 DODGE CHALLENGER SRT HELLCAT COMES FULLY SERVICED AND READY FOR SHOWS O...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZC9XGH263400
    Stock: 25V13A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 683 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Golling Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Roseville (449 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roseville, MI / 449 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. Golling Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Roseville is pleased to offer this 2016 Dodge Challenger SRT 392 in Redline Red Trico...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZDJ8GH270984
    Stock: P14004
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 61,271 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Laurel BMW of Westmont (192 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 192 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Blacktop PackageSiriusXM Satellite RadioKeyless StartRear SpoilerBlack; Houndstooth Cloth Sport SeatsBlacktop StripeEngine: 5.7L V8 Hemi VvtF8 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZBT3JH229383
    Stock: JH229383
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

Showing 400 - 420 out of 2,402 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Challenger

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Challenger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
4.75 out of 5 stars

2014 SRT8 Challenger Review

briany4567, 01/01/2014
2014 Dodge Challenger SRT8 Core 2dr Coupe (6.4L 8cyl 6M)
The Challenger is a big, heavy girl make no mistake about it. It gets terrible gas mileage as a result. But if you are in the market for a muscle car and gas mileage is a concern, perhaps you need to rethink your decision. It has some blind spots due to its size. Its way better than muscle cars of yesteryear in terms of fit/finish/braking and handling. But it is still a growling, … snarling beast that you hear and feel almost every step of the way. She can be a civilized daily driver if you want it to be, but there is no escaping knowing what is lurking just under the surface. If you understand what a real muscle car SHOULD be then you will appreciate this car as a homerun in look and attitude
Report abuse

Used 2016 Dodge Challenger in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2016 Dodge Challenger SXT 2dr Coupe (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$12,323$16,145$18,882
Clean$11,848$15,479$18,053
Average$11,056$14,370$16,673
Rough$10,027$12,928$14,878

The average list price of a used 2016 Dodge Challenger in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $32,392. The average mileage on a used Dodge Challenger 2016 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 43,168. Based on the average mileage of 43,168 for used 2016 Dodge Challenger for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Challenger 2016 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $11,056.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.