Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
657 listings
  • Price Drop
    Photos not available
    $15,750
    fair price
    $1,061 below market
    • 74,929 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Ramey Toyota (491 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Princeton, WV / 491 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Load your family into the 2014 Audi A6! An all capable and supremely stylish package! This 4 door, 5 passenger sedan is still under 75,000 miles! Audi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUHGAFC2EN070743
    Stock: T-251103B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    Photos not available
    $15,799
    fair price
    $785 below market
    • 53,960 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Lee's Summit Subaru (258 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lees Summit, MO / 258 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Odometer is 48687 miles below market average! 2014 Audi A6 3.0T Premium Plus **LIKE NEW**, **EXTRA CLEAN**, **HIGH DEMAND**, **ONE OWNER**, **ACCIDENT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFGAFC0EN068383
    Stock: S25583A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • $17,995
    fair price
    $105 above market
    • 57,519 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Fields Lexus Glenview (185 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Glenview, IL / 185 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Lexus Glenview is proud to offer this GORGEOUS, one-owner, clean CARFAX, 2016 Audi A6 2.0T Premium Plus! In Brilliant Black and beautifully equipped w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC2GN042619
    Stock: L25448A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $13,950
    fair price
    $88 above market
    • 118,985 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Dean Team Volkswagen Kirkwood (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kirkwood, MO / 92 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Experience the Dean Team difference! We offer FREE car washes for life and FREE loaner cars in our service department *Certified appraisers available ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFGAFC2GN066962
    Stock: K8618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $13,495
    fair price
    $208 below market
    • 84,972 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Ultimate Rides - Appleton (312 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Appleton, WI / 312 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CLEAN TITLE LOW MILES NO ACCIDENTS!!! THIS A GOOD LOOKING AND DRIVING CAR AND IS ALL WHEEL DRIVE ! AUDI QUALITY AND LUYXURY AT A GOOD VALUE!! CALL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC7EN019382
    Stock: 019382
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $8,995
    fair price
    $584 below market
    • 128,612 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Paniagua Auto Mall (435 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 435 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC7EN144317
    Stock: 10827
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $11,777
    fair price
    $734 below market
    • 130,996 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Original Owners Autos (399 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Eden Prairie, MN / 399 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (24 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFMAFC2EN081077
    Stock: 4732
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $8,900
    fair price
    $559 below market
    • 148,329 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Showcase (471 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 471 miles away from Springfield, IL

    2014 AUDI A6 QUATTRO PREMIUM PLUS AWD BLACK WITH BROWN LEATHER INTERIOR,148,329 MILES, CLEAN TITLE, EXTRA CLEAN, FINANCING AVAILABLE WITH BANK CREDIT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFGAFC3EN016097
    Stock: 016097
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,700
    fair price
    $713 below market
    • 97,891 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (386 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 386 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC6GN116219
    Stock: GN116219TH
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,998
    fair price
    $440 above market
    • 100,268 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Route 41 Budget Auto (202 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wadsworth, IL / 202 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Route 41 Budget Auto Sales 41534 North US Hwy 41 Wadsworth, IL 60*** 8**-3**-8911 Family-owned and operated, we treat every customer like one of our o...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUHGAFC3EN074770
    Stock: 2964
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,995
    fair price
    $603 below market
    • 72,449 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Original Owners Autos (399 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Eden Prairie, MN / 399 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUHGAFC6EN102738
    Stock: ID 4749
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,199
    good price
    $809 below market
    • 91,272 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Highway 12 Motorsports (290 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 290 miles away from Springfield, IL

    2014 Audi A6 2.0T Quattro Premium 91,272 Miles White Experience luxury, performance, and sophistication in this 2014 Audi A6 2.0T Quattro Premium seda...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFFAFC5EN162603
    Stock: 162603
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 110,768 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House of Bloomington (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, IL / 57 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Check out this 2016 AUDI A6 2.0L PREMIUM PLUS. 2 Owners! Clean Car Fax. Features include: alloy wheels, cruise control, leather, heated seats, backup ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC1GN012043
    Stock: 012043
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $104 above market
    • 89,852 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • National Auto Credit Inc. (470 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Madison, OH / 470 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC6EN064765
    Stock: U2661
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-17-2024

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $144 below market
    • 135,483 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Next Ride Motors (300 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 300 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Vehicle Overview Please call our office @ 6**-7**-9*** to schedule your test drive TODAY. For convince you can also text a salesperson directly 6**-8*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUHGAFC3EN104334
    Stock: 104334
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $11,850
    fair price
    $736 above market
    • 139,015 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Mainstreet Motor Company (402 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hopkins, MN / 402 miles away from Springfield, IL

    This 2014 Audi A6 3.0T quattro with a 3.0L V6 Supercharged engine and 139,015 miles offers a blend of performance, luxury, and advanced technology. Wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUHGAFC6EN073998
    Stock: 073998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $623 above market
    • 112,716 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Hollywood Imports (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vestavia, AL / 469 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Hollywood Imports Inc Sales 1475 Montgomery Hwy Birmingham, AL 35216 2**-9**-5***

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC5EN041641
    Stock: 041641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2024

    • 87,799 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House of Bloomington (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, IL / 57 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Check out this 2016 AUDI A6 2.0L PREMIUM PLUS. 2 Owners! Clean Car Fax. Features include: alloy wheels, cruise control, leather, heated seats, backup ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC2GN048081
    Stock: 048081
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 100,508 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • ENE Motors (221 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Racine, WI / 221 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Introducing the 2016 Audi A6 2.0T Premium Plus, now available at ENE Motors! It features a stunning Ibis White exterior and a refined Nougat Brown int...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGFAFC3GN024033
    Stock: 6865DC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 100,263 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • ENE Motors (221 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Racine, WI / 221 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Introducing the 2016 Audi A6 3.0T Premium Plus, now available at ENE Motors! It features a stunning Glacier White Metallic exterior and a refined Blac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFGAFC1GN193427
    Stock: 6822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

    • 21,054 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to IL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 1,613 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUHGAFC7EN077395
    Stock: 27234902
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 127 - 147 out of 657 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi A6

Read recent reviews for the Audi A6
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (32%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Long term A6 review

mikkel, 12/03/2018
2010 Audi A6 3.0T Premium quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (3.0L 6cyl S/C 6A)
Single owner, long term review had the car for all of its 91,000 Miles and I still love the car. My only complaint is that the Aux cord adapters for the newer iphones are super glitchy and if you take a fast turn it disconnects. Besides regular maintenance the car has run excellent just had a service done a few months ago and there are still no known leaks and everything came back Green … on the service report. The only issue was at 48,000 miles a temperature gauge started reading incorrectly and was replaced under warranty. I had plans on selling this car whenever it started having issues but that has yet to happen, i've gone though winter storms and multiple feet of snow in different states and it handles like a champ with my Snow tires on - I've never had to use cables. the leather seats are still in great condition and nothing is broken. The car chews through tires pretty fast considering that i do not drive recklessly and a lot of freeway miles. but the great mpg makes up for it, on many road trips i get about 27+ mpg. June 2020 update - at 106,400 miles now - car is still running flawlessly with no issues since last
Report abuse

Used 2014 Audi A6 in Springfield, IL Values

Estimated values
2014 Audi A6 3.0T Prestige quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (3.0L 6cyl S/C 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,931$10,643$12,322
Clean$7,562$10,109$11,657
Average$6,948$9,218$10,550
Rough$6,150$8,059$9,111

The average list price of a used 2014 Audi A6 in Springfield, Illinois is $13,936. The average mileage on a used Audi A6 2014 for sale in Springfield, Illinois is 97,983. Based on the average mileage of 97,983 for used 2014 Audi A6 for sale in Springfield, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi A6 2014 in Springfield, Illinois to be $6,948.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.