Used 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee Cost to Own
Total 5-Year Ownership Costs
Grand Cherokee SUV
Limited 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$50,669*
Total Cash Price
$26,654
Laredo X 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$51,519*
Total Cash Price
$25,467
80th Anniversary Edition 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$50,397*
Total Cash Price
$28,332
Laredo E 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$49,030*
Total Cash Price
$24,032
Laredo X 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$48,594*
Total Cash Price
$23,312
Trailhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$51,661*
Total Cash Price
$29,505
Laredo E 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$46,731*
Total Cash Price
$22,153
Overland 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$54,409*
Total Cash Price
$30,684
Limited 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$48,382*
Total Cash Price
$24,389
Limited X 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$55,082*
Total Cash Price
$29,693
High Altitude 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$56,091*
Total Cash Price
$32,339
80th Anniversary Edition 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$48,169*
Total Cash Price
$26,076
Summit 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$56,787*
Total Cash Price
$33,720
Limited X 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$52,564*
Total Cash Price
$26,629
Freedom 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$47,266*
Total Cash Price
$25,266
Overland 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$51,337*
Total Cash Price
$27,718
Freedom 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$45,828*
Total Cash Price
$23,308
High Altitude 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$54,263*
Total Cash Price
$30,882
Summit 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$54,380*
Total Cash Price
$30,482
Grand Cherokee Trackhawk
Trackhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl S/C 8A)
True Cost to Own
$101,898*
Total Cash Price
$82,138
Grand Cherokee SRT
SRT 4dr SUV 4WD (6.4L 8cyl 8A)
True Cost to Own
$82,636*
Total Cash Price
$53,118
Depreciation
$14,327
Taxes & Fees
$1,900
Financing
$4,675
Fuel
$10,310
Insurance
$7,103
Repairs
$4,434
Maintenance
$7,920
Ownership Costs: 5-Year Breakdown
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Limited 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,338 | $1,378 | $1,419 | $1,462 | $1,506 | $7,103 |
Maintenance | $2,220 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,452 | $2,738 | $7,920 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,656 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,900 |
Financing | $1,601 | $1,293 | $960 | $602 | $219 | $4,675 |
Depreciation | $4,865 | $2,567 | $2,635 | $1,886 | $2,374 | $14,327 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $14,267 | $8,550 | $9,010 | $8,591 | $10,251 | $50,669 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Laredo X 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,375 | $1,416 | $1,459 | $1,502 | $1,548 | $7,300 |
Maintenance | $2,194 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,427 | $2,713 | $7,844 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,587 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,831 |
Financing | $1,530 | $1,235 | $917 | $576 | $209 | $4,467 |
Depreciation | $5,232 | $2,514 | $2,525 | $2,553 | $2,509 | $15,333 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $14,505 | $8,477 | $8,897 | $9,247 | $10,393 | $51,519 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV 80th Anniversary Edition 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,375 | $1,416 | $1,459 | $1,502 | $1,548 | $7,300 |
Maintenance | $1,094 | $503 | $1,007 | $326 | $1,612 | $4,542 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,755 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,999 |
Financing | $1,702 | $1,374 | $1,020 | $641 | $232 | $4,969 |
Depreciation | $5,230 | $2,890 | $2,903 | $2,935 | $2,885 | $16,843 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $13,743 | $8,992 | $9,378 | $8,593 | $9,691 | $50,397 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Laredo E 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,264 | $1,302 | $1,341 | $1,381 | $1,423 | $6,711 |
Maintenance | $2,101 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,333 | $2,619 | $7,563 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,502 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,746 |
Financing | $1,444 | $1,165 | $866 | $543 | $197 | $4,215 |
Depreciation | $4,756 | $2,312 | $2,324 | $2,350 | $2,309 | $14,051 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $13,654 | $8,091 | $8,527 | $8,796 | $9,962 | $49,030 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Laredo X 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,233 | $1,270 | $1,308 | $1,347 | $1,388 | $6,546 |
Maintenance | $2,248 | $485 | $988 | $1,349 | $2,773 | $7,843 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,460 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,704 |
Financing | $1,401 | $1,130 | $839 | $527 | $192 | $4,089 |
Depreciation | $4,335 | $2,379 | $2,390 | $2,416 | $2,373 | $13,893 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $13,231 | $8,035 | $8,470 | $8,777 | $10,081 | $48,594 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Trailhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,375 | $1,416 | $1,459 | $1,502 | $1,548 | $7,300 |
Maintenance | $2,109 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,342 | $2,628 | $7,589 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,824 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,068 |
Financing | $1,773 | $1,430 | $1,063 | $667 | $242 | $5,175 |
Depreciation | $5,760 | $2,817 | $2,335 | $1,970 | $1,903 | $14,785 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $15,428 | $8,975 | $8,853 | $8,670 | $9,735 | $51,661 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Laredo E 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,233 | $1,270 | $1,308 | $1,347 | $1,388 | $6,546 |
Maintenance | $2,155 | $485 | $988 | $1,255 | $2,679 | $7,562 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,392 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,636 |
Financing | $1,331 | $1,074 | $798 | $501 | $181 | $3,885 |
Depreciation | $4,028 | $2,128 | $2,140 | $2,163 | $2,124 | $12,583 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $12,693 | $7,728 | $8,179 | $8,404 | $9,727 | $46,731 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Overland 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,375 | $1,416 | $1,459 | $1,502 | $1,548 | $7,300 |
Maintenance | $2,220 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,452 | $2,738 | $7,920 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,893 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,137 |
Financing | $1,844 | $1,487 | $1,105 | $694 | $252 | $5,382 |
Depreciation | $5,646 | $2,453 | $2,984 | $3,175 | $2,668 | $16,926 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $15,565 | $8,668 | $9,544 | $10,012 | $10,620 | $54,409 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Limited 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,297 | $1,336 | $1,376 | $1,417 | $1,460 | $6,886 |
Maintenance | $2,274 | $485 | $988 | $1,374 | $2,798 | $7,919 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,523 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,767 |
Financing | $1,465 | $1,183 | $878 | $552 | $200 | $4,278 |
Depreciation | $4,463 | $1,838 | $2,299 | $2,688 | $1,725 | $13,013 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $13,576 | $7,613 | $8,486 | $9,169 | $9,538 | $48,382 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Limited X 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,375 | $1,416 | $1,459 | $1,502 | $1,548 | $7,300 |
Maintenance | $2,330 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,563 | $2,849 | $8,252 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,835 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,079 |
Financing | $1,784 | $1,440 | $1,069 | $671 | $244 | $5,208 |
Depreciation | $5,499 | $2,985 | $3,001 | $3,034 | $2,980 | $17,499 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $15,410 | $9,153 | $9,525 | $9,959 | $11,035 | $55,082 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV High Altitude 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,393 | $1,435 | $1,478 | $1,522 | $1,568 | $7,396 |
Maintenance | $2,330 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,563 | $2,849 | $8,252 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,991 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,235 |
Financing | $1,943 | $1,568 | $1,165 | $731 | $265 | $5,672 |
Depreciation | $5,590 | $2,988 | $2,919 | $3,033 | $3,262 | $17,792 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $15,834 | $9,303 | $9,558 | $10,038 | $11,358 | $56,091 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV 80th Anniversary Edition 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,310 | $1,349 | $1,390 | $1,431 | $1,474 | $6,954 |
Maintenance | $1,148 | $485 | $988 | $248 | $1,672 | $4,541 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,622 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,866 |
Financing | $1,567 | $1,264 | $939 | $590 | $213 | $4,573 |
Depreciation | $4,952 | $2,678 | $2,692 | $2,720 | $2,674 | $15,716 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $13,153 | $8,547 | $8,954 | $8,127 | $9,388 | $48,169 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Summit 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,393 | $1,435 | $1,478 | $1,522 | $1,568 | $7,396 |
Maintenance | $2,220 | $503 | $1,007 | $1,452 | $2,738 | $7,920 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $2,072 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,316 |
Financing | $2,026 | $1,635 | $1,214 | $763 | $276 | $5,914 |
Depreciation | $6,089 | $2,313 | $2,999 | $3,644 | $3,452 | $18,497 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $16,387 | $8,695 | $9,687 | $10,570 | $11,448 | $56,787 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Limited X 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,310 | $1,349 | $1,390 | $1,431 | $1,474 | $6,954 |
Maintenance | $2,384 | $485 | $988 | $1,485 | $2,909 | $8,251 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,655 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,899 |
Financing | $1,600 | $1,291 | $959 | $602 | $218 | $4,670 |
Depreciation | $5,075 | $2,869 | $2,822 | $2,870 | $2,635 | $16,271 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $14,578 | $8,765 | $9,104 | $9,526 | $10,591 | $52,564 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Freedom 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,338 | $1,378 | $1,419 | $1,462 | $1,506 | $7,103 |
Maintenance | $1,094 | $503 | $1,007 | $326 | $1,612 | $4,542 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,575 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,819 |
Financing | $1,518 | $1,225 | $910 | $571 | $207 | $4,431 |
Depreciation | $4,707 | $2,468 | $2,481 | $2,507 | $2,464 | $14,627 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $12,819 | $8,383 | $8,806 | $8,055 | $9,203 | $47,266 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Overland 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,310 | $1,349 | $1,390 | $1,431 | $1,474 | $6,954 |
Maintenance | $2,274 | $485 | $988 | $1,374 | $2,798 | $7,919 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,719 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,963 |
Financing | $1,665 | $1,344 | $998 | $627 | $227 | $4,861 |
Depreciation | $5,416 | $1,941 | $2,811 | $2,834 | $2,119 | $15,121 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $14,938 | $7,890 | $9,132 | $9,404 | $9,973 | $51,337 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Freedom 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,297 | $1,336 | $1,376 | $1,417 | $1,460 | $6,886 |
Maintenance | $1,148 | $485 | $988 | $248 | $1,672 | $4,541 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,460 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $1,704 |
Financing | $1,400 | $1,130 | $840 | $527 | $191 | $4,088 |
Depreciation | $5,056 | $2,248 | $2,259 | $2,284 | $2,243 | $14,090 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $12,915 | $7,970 | $8,408 | $7,614 | $8,921 | $45,828 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV High Altitude 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,330 | $1,370 | $1,411 | $1,453 | $1,497 | $7,061 |
Maintenance | $2,384 | $485 | $988 | $1,485 | $2,909 | $8,251 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,905 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,149 |
Financing | $1,856 | $1,497 | $1,112 | $698 | $253 | $5,416 |
Depreciation | $4,975 | $3,115 | $2,995 | $2,925 | $2,857 | $16,867 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $15,004 | $9,238 | $9,451 | $9,699 | $10,871 | $54,263 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SUV Summit 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,330 | $1,370 | $1,411 | $1,453 | $1,497 | $7,061 |
Maintenance | $2,274 | $485 | $988 | $1,374 | $2,798 | $7,919 |
Repairs | $612 | $710 | $824 | $955 | $1,108 | $4,209 |
Taxes & Fees | $1,882 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $2,126 |
Financing | $1,831 | $1,478 | $1,098 | $689 | $250 | $5,346 |
Depreciation | $6,864 | $2,306 | $3,973 | $2,527 | $1,739 | $17,409 |
Fuel | $1,942 | $2,000 | $2,060 | $2,122 | $2,186 | $10,310 |
True Cost to Own® | $16,735 | $8,410 | $10,415 | $9,181 | $9,639 | $54,380 |
2021 Grand Cherokee Trackhawk Trackhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl S/C 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,505 | $1,550 | $1,597 | $1,645 | $1,694 | $7,991 |
Maintenance | $4,203 | $560 | $1,057 | $3,116 | $5,036 | $13,972 |
Repairs | $688 | $798 | $927 | $1,075 | $1,247 | $4,735 |
Taxes & Fees | $4,920 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $5,164 |
Financing | $4,935 | $3,982 | $2,958 | $1,857 | $674 | $14,406 |
Depreciation | $10,054 | $5,863 | $5,891 | $5,957 | $6,360 | $34,125 |
Fuel | $4,051 | $4,172 | $4,297 | $4,426 | $4,559 | $21,505 |
True Cost to Own® | $30,356 | $16,986 | $16,788 | $18,137 | $19,631 | $101,898 |
2021 Grand Cherokee SRT SRT 4dr SUV 4WD (6.4L 8cyl 8A)
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insurance | $1,505 | $1,550 | $1,597 | $1,645 | $1,694 | $7,991 |
Maintenance | $3,807 | $663 | $1,080 | $3,038 | $4,583 | $13,171 |
Repairs | $645 | $748 | $868 | $1,006 | $1,167 | $4,434 |
Taxes & Fees | $3,213 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $61 | $3,457 |
Financing | $3,192 | $2,575 | $1,913 | $1,201 | $435 | $9,316 |
Depreciation | $6,498 | $4,792 | $5,035 | $4,960 | $4,347 | $25,632 |
Fuel | $3,510 | $3,615 | $3,724 | $3,835 | $3,951 | $18,635 |
True Cost to Own® | $22,370 | $14,004 | $14,278 | $15,746 | $16,238 | $82,636 |
*Based on a 5-year estimate with 15,000 miles driven per year.
Shop nowLearn about the 2021 Grand CherokeeTrue Cost To Own®
Edmunds.com's True Cost to Own® (TCO®) is proprietary data that helps you estimate the total five-year cost of buying and owning a vehicle — including some items you may not have taken into consideration. A benefit of using our TCO® tool is that you can easily compare the five-year totals for different vehicles and make a more informed choice.