Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
298 listings

Save with Volvo XC60 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • $24,000
    great price
    $2,534 below market
    • 32,399 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Merit Auto Group (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 17 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    At Merit Auto Group, we're thrilled to offer top-notch pre-owned vehicles at unbeatable prices. Our cars are priced well below market value, so you ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LYV102RL4KB322661
    Stock: 5574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $50,495
    good price
    $3,511 below market
    • 12,086 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    Recent Arrival! CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, ONE OWNER, STILL UNDER FACTORY WARRANTY, NAVIGATION, NON SMOKE, NEW TIRES, NEW BRAKES, LOCAL TRADE, 2.0L I...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4M12RM5S1074752
    Stock: V11638A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • $7,971
    good price
    $1,900 below market
    • 125,932 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (44 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 44 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CarFax 1-Owner

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4952DL8D2420878
    Stock: D2420878T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 6,217 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 36 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    2.0L I4 Hybrid Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30, AWD, Crystal White, Charcoal Leather, 11 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditionin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (28 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4H60DL7R1908102
    Stock: V10977
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2024

    • 10,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 36 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    Recent Arrival! CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED, CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, ONE OWNER, STILL UNDER FACTORY WARRANTY, NAVIGATION, NON SMOKE, NEW TIRES, NEW BRAKES...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (28 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4H60DMXR1819715
    Stock: V11678A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $34,495
    good price
    $1,216 below market
    • 75,968 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, ONE OWNER, STILL UNDER FACTORY WARRANTY, NAVIGATION, NON SMOKE, NEW TIRES, NEW BRAKES, XC60 B5 Ultimate Bright Theme, 2.0L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4L12DA3P1198812
    Stock: P4351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,706
    good price
    $1,161 below market
    • 42,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Nissan of St Augustine (34 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Saint Augustine, FL / 34 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    Nissan of St Augustine is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2023 Volvo XC60 B5 Plus Bright Theme Nissan CPO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4L12DN3P1210640
    Stock: DP1210640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • $30,995
    fair price
    $565 below market
    • 53,944 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED, CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, ONE OWNER, STILL UNDER FACTORY WARRANTY, NAVIGATION, NON SMOKE, NEW TIRES, NEW BRAKES, LOCAL TRADE, X...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4L12DN9P1203031
    Stock: V11640A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $17,998
    fair price
    $281 above market
    • 68,305 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Jacksonville (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 21 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV440MDR6H2222623
    Stock: 27260476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $30,998
    fair price
    $49 above market
    • 34,468 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Jacksonville (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 21 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4L12DV8P1198825
    Stock: 27481098
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,900
    fair price
    $11 above market
    • 47,591 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (23 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 23 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4102DL1M1765378
    Stock: M1765378T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $32,495
    fair price
    $332 above market
    • 58,566 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    Recent Arrival! CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED, CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, ONE OWNER, STILL UNDER FACTORY WARRANTY, NAVIGATION, NON SMOKE, NEW TIRES, NEW BRAKES...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4L12RN5P1383469
    Stock: V11357A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,495
    fair price
    $43 above market
    • 95,095 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    Recent Arrival! CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, NAVIGATION, NON SMOKE, NEW TIRES, NEW BRAKES, LOCAL TRADE, XC60 T5 Inscription, 4D Sport Utility, Onyx Bla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: LYV102DL9KB289471
    Stock: V11473A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,998
    fair price
    $651 above market
    • 37,759 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gainesville (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 45 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4102DL8M1887011
    Stock: 27514268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 6,218 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 36 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    2.0L I4 Hybrid Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30, 11 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (28 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4H60DL0R1911309
    Stock: V10982
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2024

  • New Listing
    • 5,719 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    XC60 B5 Plus Dark Theme, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-ULEV70, Automatic with Geartronic, AWD, Silver, Charcoal Leather, 10 Spe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4L12RL4R1920513
    Stock: V11005
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2024

  • New Listing
    • 5,976 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-ULEV70, Automatic with Geartronic, AWD, Onyx Black, Blond Artificial Leather, 10 Speakers, 4-Whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4M12RC6S1106115
    Stock: V11291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-14-2024

    • 6,067 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    XC60 B5 Core, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-ULEV70, Automatic with Geartronic, AWD, Crystal White, Blond Artificial Leather, 10...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4M12RJ7S1043217
    Stock: V11305
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-22-2024

  • New Listing
    • 6,064 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-ULEV70, Automatic with Geartronic, AWD, Onyx Black, Blond Artificial Leather, 10 Speakers, 4-Whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4M12RC6S1125814
    Stock: V11367
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-21-2024

  • New Listing
    • 6,354 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    XC60 B5 Core, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-ULEV70, Automatic with Geartronic, AWD, Grey, Blond Artificial Leather, 10 Speakers...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4M12RJ8S1082589
    Stock: V11332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-11-2024

  • New Listing
    • 6,555 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 36 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • O'Steen Volvo Cars of Jacksonville (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 14 miles away from Orange Park, FL

    XC60 Plug-In Hybrid T8 Plus, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 Hybrid Turbocharged DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30, Automatic with Geartronic, AWD, Onyx Black, Blond Ar...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (28 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: YV4H60RC9S1029263
    Stock: V11146
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 298 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.