Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
267 listings
  • $24,299
    fair price
    $359 above market
    • 47,030 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 501 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV9PC512477
    Stock: 8FVBX9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $23,999
    fair price
    $110 above market
    • 48,250 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 501 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV9PC511314
    Stock: 8FF37B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • $24,198
    fair price
    $464 above market
    • 52,504 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 1,966 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV4PC511351
    Stock: 7WSWMV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 51,970 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hampton, VA / 2,009 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV5PC511343
    Stock: PC511343P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 14,765 miles
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 1,821 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV1PC513655
    Stock: 27096829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 35,932 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Augusta, GA / 1,716 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV2PC511204
    Stock: 8FCF49
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 53,966 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 876 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6FV6MC506725
    Stock: 8DC33R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,898
    fair price
    $180 above market
    • 52,879 miles
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,781 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV2PC510795
    Stock: 8F463T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,590
    fair price
    $1,446 above market
    • 11,090 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 635 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6EV2PC506419
    Stock: 2003668490
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 12,544 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 833 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6EV6PC504236
    Stock: 2003667705
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 21,805 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoSavvy - Gilbert (7 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gilbert, AZ / 7 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Explore the perfect blend of performance and luxury with the 2023 Nissan Maxima SR Xtronic CVT, available now at AutoSavvy Gilbert. This sleek Super B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6EVXPC501730
    Stock: 95067
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 19,333 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 877 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6FV0MC512326
    Stock: 2003715219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 33,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 833 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6FV4MC510546
    Stock: 2003635760
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,098 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to AZ*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 989 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV7PC509223
    Stock: 27092093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,499
    fair price
    $102 below market
    • 56,750 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lebanon, PA / 2,003 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV3PC511938
    Stock: 7W00Y8
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 48,286 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,489 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV7PC510579
    Stock: 2003700896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,450 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KS to AZ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Merriam, KS / 1,033 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6FV9MC516083
    Stock: 26833427
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 9,362 miles
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to AZ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 1,890 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6FV7PC511534
    Stock: 27067620
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 57,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Cross Roads Auto Center (39 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Casa Grande, AZ / 39 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV2PC510585
    Stock: 15168
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,508
    fair price
    $343 above market
    • 55,784 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 500 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Remote Sta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV4MC515041
    Stock: MC515041NPR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,649
    fair price
    $381 above market
    • 40,356 miles
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 2,120 miles away from Tempe, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AA6CV0PC508639
    Stock: 7WVKC7
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 267 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Maxima

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Maxima
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (12%)
5 out of 5 stars

An Elegant, Sporty Sedan that Packs a Punch!

Paul H, 12/29/2020
2020 Nissan Maxima 3.5 SL 4dr Sedan (3.5L 6cyl CVT)
I could not be happier with my 2020 Nissan Maxima SL sedan. Like the title states, it's elegant, sporty, comfortable, and possesses absolutely effortless power. I looked at upper trim levels of several popular vehicles, but I kept coming back to the Maxima. To me it had the best combination of attributes, with very few cons. Honda Accord and Toyota Camry are nice, but they are more … for guys looking for a family sedan... yawn. The Avalon was nice, but the styling is boring (same as the Kia Cadenza), and although it has the same engine rating of 300 HP, the Maxima just seems quite a bit more powerful, especially in sports mode. The Maxima is flat out fun to drive and it turns a lot of heads to boot, with it's aggressive styling and bold lines. I read many reviews and the critics have never been impressed with the CVT Xtronic transmission, and for good reason. But the latest generation Maxima's have been using the D-Step logic Xtronic CVT's which have proven to be very reliable. I owned a 2014 Nissan Altima and while I never had problems with the CVT (traded it in at 152,000 miles), it did shift kind of odd. Not the 2020 Maxima, you would swear you are driving a very smooth shifting conventional automatic. Plus, although it's classified as a full size sedan, it's actually better described as a midsize sedan on steroids. What I love about it too, it's not your run of the mill sedan. Be prepared to get a lot of compliments. If you are looking for purely a "Dad's" family car to tote around the kids and the dog, you probably should look elsewhere. But if are looking for a classy, entry level luxury sedan, with sporty good looks and awesome acceleration, and is a sheer delight to drive, even to work, look no further then this gem. While it's not a sports car per se, and it's not a pure luxury car, Nissan did a damn good job of giving you a big taste of both. I'm betting you will love it 100%, I sure do!
Report abuse

Used 2023 Nissan Maxima in Tempe, AZ Values

Estimated values
2023 Nissan Maxima 3.5 SV 4dr Sedan (3.5L 6cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,562$22,738$24,062
Clean$21,290$22,421$23,695
Average$20,837$21,892$23,082
Rough$20,248$21,205$22,286

The average list price of a used 2023 Nissan Maxima in Tempe, Arizona is $27,204. The average mileage on a used Nissan Maxima 2023 for sale in Tempe, Arizona is 38,807. Based on the average mileage of 38,807 for used 2023 Nissan Maxima for sale in Tempe, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Maxima 2023 in Tempe, Arizona to be $20,837.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.