Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,540 listings
  • New Listing
    • 62,424 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Murray Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Of Starke (260 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Starke, FL / 260 miles away from Naples, FL

    Recent Arrival! Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. DB Black Crystal Clearcoat 2022 Dodge Durango R/T LEATHER SEATS, AWD, 2nd Row Fold/Tumble Captain Chairs,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT4NC220935
    Stock: 220935
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 13,643 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,054 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHDG1NC130635
    Stock: 26802633
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 58,903 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • ParkView Back-Up Cam...
    • Blind Spot Detection...
    • Proximity Key For Do...
    • Uconnect w/Bluetooth...
    • Remote Start
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 562 miles away from Naples, FL

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCTXNC230880
    Stock: 7V9G5Q
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,888
    great price
    $6,242 below market
    • 42,351 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Clermont Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (163 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 163 miles away from Naples, FL

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 2021 Dodge Durango R/T R/T Reactor Blue Pearlcoat10.1" Touchscreen Display, 2nd Row Fold/Tumble Captain Chairs, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT3MC875126
    Stock: MC875126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

    • 46,575 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ferndale, MI / 1,128 miles away from Naples, FL

    3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT4NC212561
    Stock: PNC212561
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 52,105 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Albany Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (400 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Albany, GA / 400 miles away from Naples, FL

    The ALL NEW Five Star Chrysler Jeep Dodge & Hyundai is Proud to offer you this Exceptional 2022 Dodge Durango, Appointed with the R/T Trim and is fini...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT3NC228783
    Stock: PC228783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 48,432 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,057 miles away from Naples, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT3NC191234
    Stock: 2003632036
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

    • 57,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • ParkView Back-Up Cam...
    • Blind Spot Detection...
    • Proximity Key For Do...
    • Uconnect w/Bluetooth...
    • Remote Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 973 miles away from Naples, FL

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT8NC230559
    Stock: 7V0FG2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 51,559 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Rick Hendrick Jeep Chrysler Dodge Ram (479 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Charleston, SC / 479 miles away from Naples, FL

    Heated Leather Seats, Third Row Seat, Hitch, Rear Air, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, Quad Bucket Seats, Aluminum Wheels, TRANSMISSION: 8-SPEED AUTO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG8NC219996
    Stock: SA19996
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 59,420 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Pineville, NC / 618 miles away from Naples, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT8NC221103
    Stock: 27281341
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,103 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Dan Vaden Chevrolet Savannah (403 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Savannah, GA / 403 miles away from Naples, FL

    2022 Dodge Durango R/T POWER PACKAGE. Vaden is pleased to offer this DB Black Crystal Clearcoat 2022 Dodge Durango R/T with Black Leather... Beautiful...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT2NC130224
    Stock: NC130224
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Photos not available
    $34,491
    fair price
    $663 above market
    • 59,603 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Beck Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (241 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Palatka, FL / 241 miles away from Naples, FL

    Octane Red Pearlcoat 2022 Dodge Durango R/T 8-Speed Automatic AWD AWD. HEMI 5.7L V8 Multi Displacement VVTRecent Arrival!WE DELIVER TO YOUR HOME OR OF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCTXNC221152
    Stock: 10719
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 56,275 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Vaden Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Savannah (408 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Savannah, GA / 408 miles away from Naples, FL

    Vehicle DetailsExperience the perfect blend of power, style, and comfort with this stunning 2022 Dodge Durango GT Plus, now available with all-wheel d...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG9NC205511
    Stock: NC205511
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 33,035 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ferman Chevrolet of Tarpon Springs (151 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tarpon Springs, FL / 151 miles away from Naples, FL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Durango Citadel, 4D Sport Utility, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, 8-Speed Automatic, AWD, White Knuckle Clearcoat, Red/Black/Ebony Le...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJEG3NC190504
    Stock: VP2822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

    • 53,967 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Fort Walton Mitsubishi (419 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Walton Beach, FL / 419 miles away from Naples, FL

    Ft Walton Mitsubishi and our Coastal Pre-Owned Supercenter is a Veteran Owned and Operated. Come see why we have sold over 5,800 Trucks, Jeeps and Sed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJET1NC219058
    Stock: 219058
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

    • 76,933 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Global Truck & Equipment Sales (349 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Waycross, GA / 349 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG3NC160887
    Stock: GT0653
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 26,078 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Pete Moore Mitsubishi (447 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 447 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHDG2NC217766
    Stock: IP17766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

    • 55,684 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Tampa Trucks (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 134 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT7NC101558
    Stock: 101558
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 28,134 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Arrive N Drive (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 159 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT0NC214713
    Stock: A0213
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,595
    great price
    $4,941 below market
    • 61,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driver's Mart Sanford (183 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 183 miles away from Naples, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT1PC555274
    Stock: PC555274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 27,998 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Hoover Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (496 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Moncks Corner, SC / 496 miles away from Naples, FL

    72 point inspection, Certified for extended service plan, Priced below market value. 2022 Dodge Durango GT Plus 3.6L V6 24V VVT RWDClean CARFAX. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHDG8NC192131
    Stock: 24WG047A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

Showing 400 - 420 out of 1,540 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Durango

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Durango
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars57 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 57 reviews
  • 5 star
    (56%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (18%)
5 out of 5 stars

Perfect do-anything vehicle

Mortisian, 05/22/2022
2022 Dodge Durango R/T 4dr SUV AWD (5.7L 8cyl 8A)
I researched vehicles for about a year (looking at 2-door coupes right up to full-size trucks, because I couldn't decide what I needed!) before finally deciding on a Durango, and placing an order for a 2022 R/T Tow-and-Go. I've had it for about four months now, and I am incredibly happy with my choice. Every time I get in the Durango, every time I smash the pedal to the floor, every time … I'm walking up to it in a parking lot, I smile. It has everything I want: aggressive good looks (especially from the front and side, with the SRT-style fender flares and wheels), amazing throaty sound (the Tow-and-Go trim has performance exhaust, and it is music to the ears), good solid performance, ride comfort, utility, etc. It has fantastic road manners, and drives like a much smaller vehicle; you feel very planted on the road, and it loves corners, despite its proportions. I could go into detail on just about anything on this vehicle, but I'll try to condense it into a pros & cons list for brevity: Pros: Amazing sound both in and out of the vehicle; no drone, either! Great performance – it’s not a Hellcat, but the R/T is no slouch! Sleek, modern, and comfortable interior – good workmanship and no rattles Great compatibility with Android Auto & wireless charging Pretty good stock speakers Very, very smooth ride – even with the stock run-flat tires Aggressive good looks Great pedal feel especially with the Brembo brakes on the TnG Plenty of utility; tons of trunk space with the third row folded down I haven’t had a need for it yet, but a huge towing capacity Cons: I wished they tuned it for a little higher on the horsepower; other Dodge vehicles with the same motor are rated for an extra 15 HP Gas mileage isn’t great, but that’s to be expected with a 5000+ pound vehicle with an 8-cylinder motor Everything else has been updated, but the rear of the vehicle is getting dated and could have used a touch-up Overall, I love this vehicle. I’m very happy with it, and I can’t say enough good things about it.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Dodge Durango in Naples, FL Values

Estimated values
2022 Dodge Durango R/T 4dr SUV AWD (5.7L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$30,696$31,887$33,129
Clean$30,312$31,467$32,670
Average$29,672$30,767$31,906
Rough$28,840$29,857$30,913

The average list price of a used 2022 Dodge Durango in Naples, Florida is $34,680. The average mileage on a used Dodge Durango 2022 for sale in Naples, Florida is 49,249. Based on the average mileage of 49,249 for used 2022 Dodge Durango for sale in Naples, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Dodge Durango 2022 in Naples, Florida to be $29,672.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.