Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,880 listings
    • 60,554 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Houston South (299 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 299 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV5NY270751
    Stock: 8DY67H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-05-2024

    • 64,208 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY243049
    Stock: 8D2VWY
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

    • 56,641 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY289058
    Stock: 8DH3SC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-02-2025

    • 59,290 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales West San Antonio (143 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 143 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY264094
    Stock: 7V4LQ6
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

    • 58,402 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Fort Worth (398 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 398 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV6NY257670
    Stock: 8D82P9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 60,235 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Arlington (389 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 389 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY261017
    Stock: 8D49S9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 60,592 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Fort Worth (398 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 398 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV0NY292379
    Stock: 8DR1HP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-02-2025

    • 54,054 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV8NY242099
    Stock: 8DWBRK
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-22-2025

    • 32,461 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (406 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mesquite, TX / 406 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Bra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV8NY251496
    Stock: NY251496A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 57,073 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales San Antonio (157 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 157 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV4NY288271
    Stock: 8DC3VH
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

    • 60,317 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Houston South (299 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 299 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV5NY264383
    Stock: 8DVC4Q
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-31-2024

    • 61,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Corinth (417 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Corinth, TX / 417 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CVXNY264069
    Stock: 8DHHGY
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 62,109 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Fort Worth (398 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 398 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV2NY273090
    Stock: 8D5HQF
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 56,007 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV1NY271492
    Stock: 8DV11D
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-28-2025

    • 52,470 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV2NY263997
    Stock: 8DVX4H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-08-2025

    • 51,104 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Plano (414 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 414 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CVXNY237020
    Stock: 8DKVB6
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 46,543 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Metro Nissan of Dallas (407 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Farmers Branch, TX / 407 miles away from Laredo, TX

    2022 Nissan Sentra SDoing It Right! Exclusive Benefits at Metro Nissan of Dallas At Metro Nissan of Dallas, we go beyond certification—we offer excl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8BVXNY223703
    Stock: P3391
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 58,981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Houston Northwest (290 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 290 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV6NY242120
    Stock: 8DY726
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-31-2024

    • 53,843 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales West San Antonio (143 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 143 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV3NY218437
    Stock: 8D7D7L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

    • 39,996 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (403 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 403 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Remote Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8DV7NY231156
    Stock: NY231156DW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,252 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Houston South (299 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 299 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV6NY244692
    Stock: 8DR650
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2024

Showing 106 - 126 out of 2,880 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Sentra

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Sentra
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars51 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 51 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (16%)
  • 1 star
    (16%)
5 out of 5 stars

Wonderful car.

Wonderful car., 07/31/2020
2020 Nissan Sentra SV 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
Nice ride and quiet cabin. Beautiful dashboard and instrument cluster at night. Sound system is stunning and the wind noise in the highway at 80 mph. Is Barely noticeable. I love it!
Report abuse

Used 2022 Nissan Sentra in Laredo, TX Values

Estimated values
2022 Nissan Sentra SV 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,253$14,936$16,698
Clean$12,977$14,607$16,309
Average$12,516$14,057$15,660
Rough$11,917$13,342$14,817

The average list price of a used 2022 Nissan Sentra in Laredo, Texas is $17,029. The average mileage on a used Nissan Sentra 2022 for sale in Laredo, Texas is 55,236. Based on the average mileage of 55,236 for used 2022 Nissan Sentra for sale in Laredo, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Sentra 2022 in Laredo, Texas to be $12,516.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.