Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,853 listings
  • $16,986
    fair price
    • 31,157 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Wiesner Buick GMC (312 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 312 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Brilliant Silver Metallic 2020 Nissan Sentra S FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.0L DOHC CVT with Xtronic, Charcoal Cloth, 16 Steel Wheels w/Full Wheel Covers, 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8BV2LY293600
    Stock: SC2811A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

    • 97,330 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Katy (277 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 277 miles away from Laredo, TX

    [P01] Sv Premium Package[X01] All-Weather PackageSun/MoonroofLeather Seats[L92] Carpeted Floor Mats W/Trunk Mat[B92] Body Colored Splash Guards (...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV0NY254814
    Stock: NY254814
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

    • 44,917 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Kia of North Austin (205 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 205 miles away from Laredo, TX

    2022 Super Black Nissan Sentra SV 2.0L DOHC CVT with Xtronic FWDCVT with Xtronic, Charcoal Cloth.Odometer is 9159 miles below market average! 29/3...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV2NY267919
    Stock: NY267919A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 19,721 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Freedom Chevrolet (153 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 153 miles away from Laredo, TX

    FUEL EFFICIENT 39 MPG Hwy/29 MPG City! ONLY 19,721 Miles! SV trim. Heated Seats, Moonroof, Bluetooth®, [K01] SV PREMIUM PACKAGE, [R92] REAR SPOILER, B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV4LY253811
    Stock: LY253811
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 46,933 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Metro Nissan of Dallas (407 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Farmers Branch, TX / 407 miles away from Laredo, TX

    2020 Nissan Sentra SVNew Price!Doing It Right! Exclusive Benefits at Metro Nissan of Dallas At Metro Nissan of Dallas, we go beyond certification—we...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV4LY304949
    Stock: 265718A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 33,419 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Bedford (395 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Bedford, TX / 395 miles away from Laredo, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV3NY208507
    Stock: 58516
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 53,499 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Houston Northwest (290 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 290 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV8NY270405
    Stock: 8D2BMK
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

    • 50,406 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Humble (308 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Humble, TX / 308 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV6NY242943
    Stock: 8D3NHP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

    • 44,762 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Houston (281 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 281 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV1NY255955
    Stock: 72444
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 46,516 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Gillman Subaru San Antonio (161 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Selma, TX / 161 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Clean CARFAX.Gillman Subaru of San Antonio is delighted to offer this terrific 2022 Nissan Sentra SV. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Recent Arr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV0NY261102
    Stock: 0SA0377B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 63,098 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales West San Antonio (143 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 143 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV1NY264431
    Stock: 8D6W9Y
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2024

    • 62,554 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales San Antonio (157 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 157 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV4NY269171
    Stock: 8DDCNG
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-20-2024

    • 39,371 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive San Antonio (New Braunfels) (174 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in New Braunfels, TX / 174 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV6NY282889
    Stock: YNY282889
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 53,776 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY218524
    Stock: 8D042X
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,763 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive Houston (North Freeway) (298 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 298 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY243844
    Stock: RNY243844
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

    • 59,773 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV7NY290726
    Stock: 7V4JDB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

    • 58,402 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Fort Worth (398 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 398 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV6NY257670
    Stock: 8D82P9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 59,205 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CVXNY277789
    Stock: 7VQVT4
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

    • 60,235 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Arlington (389 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 389 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY261017
    Stock: 8D49S9
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 64,208 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Austin (215 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 215 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV9NY243049
    Stock: 8D2VWY
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-19-2024

    • 60,554 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Houston South (299 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 299 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3N1AB8CV5NY270751
    Stock: 8DY67H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-05-2024

Showing 85 - 105 out of 2,853 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Sentra

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Sentra
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars51 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 51 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (16%)
  • 1 star
    (16%)
5 out of 5 stars

Wonderful car.

Wonderful car., 07/31/2020
2020 Nissan Sentra SV 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
Nice ride and quiet cabin. Beautiful dashboard and instrument cluster at night. Sound system is stunning and the wind noise in the highway at 80 mph. Is Barely noticeable. I love it!
Report abuse

Used 2020 Nissan Sentra in Laredo, TX Values

Estimated values
2020 Nissan Sentra S 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$11,656$14,464$17,175
Clean$11,297$14,007$16,618
Average$10,698$13,245$15,691
Rough$9,919$12,254$14,485

The average list price of a used 2020 Nissan Sentra in Laredo, Texas is $16,962. The average mileage on a used Nissan Sentra 2020 for sale in Laredo, Texas is 52,267. Based on the average mileage of 52,267 for used 2020 Nissan Sentra for sale in Laredo, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Sentra 2020 in Laredo, Texas to be $10,698.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.