Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
611 listings
  • Price Drop
    $72,841
    fair price
    $1,274 above market
    • 22,264 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Nalley BMW of Decatur (358 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 358 miles away from Jackson, MS

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23EH07RCS46859
    Stock: NBDP241058
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 96,809 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Car Place Dallas (388 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 388 miles away from Jackson, MS

    2018 BMW 7 Series 740i Sedan 4D for Sale in Addison, TXMileage: 96,809 milesThe 2018 BMW 740i is a flagship luxury sedan that combines sophisticated s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E2C54JG742555
    Stock: JG742555
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • $66,900
    fair price
    $949 above market
    • 33,938 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Car Town (113 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Monroe, LA / 113 miles away from Jackson, MS

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CarTown - We are the Used Car Giants! We have financing for all Customers! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 25/31...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23EH05RCP89918
    Stock: P89918
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $23,999
    fair price
    $552 below market
    • 97,726 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CARXOOM (346 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 346 miles away from Jackson, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C51JGM23471
    Stock: M23471
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,590
    fair price
    $718 above market
    • 28,077 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 552 miles away from Jackson, MS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E2C50JG742164
    Stock: 2003910926
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $25,995
    fair price
    $380 below market
    • 76,253 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Hollywood Imports (211 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Vestavia, AL / 211 miles away from Jackson, MS

    Hollywood Imports Inc Sales 1475 Montgomery Hwy Birmingham, AL 35216 2**-9**-5*** -----M-SPORT-----PKG-----

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C52JGM22586
    Stock: M22586
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • $28,590
    fair price
    $821 above market
    • 61,917 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 801 miles away from Jackson, MS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E4C57JGV24234
    Stock: 2003648513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 73,361 miles
    • Manufacturer buyback reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Boardwalk Motors (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Walker, LA / 134 miles away from Jackson, MS

    ONE PRETTY CAR POWER SUNROOF HARMON KARDON SPEAKERS DRIVER ASSISTANCE PLUS PACKAGE $101K WINDOW STICKER You are looking at a 2018 BMW 750i Sedan. It i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C53JGM22922
    Stock: M22922
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2024

    • 37,209 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Crown Auto Sales (371 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sugar Land, TX / 371 miles away from Jackson, MS

    dollar amount listed is amount financed after 10% down plus tt&l. w.a.c.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F2C53JG424648
    Stock: 424648
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2025

  • $31,683
    fair price
    $18 above market
    • 59,427 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvilla (346 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 346 miles away from Jackson, MS

    Vehicle Overview Gray Metallic 2018 BMW 7 Series 750i RWD 8-Speed Automatic 4.4L V8 32V Twin Turbocharged Black Leather, Active Blind Spot Detection, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C59JGM22391
    Stock: JGM22391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 68,342 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Elder Mitsubishi (466 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cedar Park, TX / 466 miles away from Jackson, MS

    Available at the Cedar Park Location.Imperial Blue Metallic 2016 BMW 7 Series 740iCanberra Beige Leather. This vehicle comes equipped with the followi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E2C51GG504672
    Stock: GG504672
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 2,350 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Macon (380 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Macon, GA / 380 miles away from Jackson, MS

    Thank you for choosing BMW of Macon, this BLACK 2024 BMW 7 Series 740i is a great choice! Check out the following:No Accidents! One Owner! City 25/ Hw...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23EH03RCT04515
    Stock: BU1132
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 4,877 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tallahassee (368 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 368 miles away from Jackson, MS

    more

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EJ04RCR07228
    Stock: 231089
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

    • 14,140 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Tyler (299 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 299 miles away from Jackson, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EJ04RCS16846
    Stock: XS2510
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 5,076 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 1,773 miles away from Jackson, MS

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Cooled Seats,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA33EH03RCP98752
    Stock: RCP98752CL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $19,595
    good price
    $2,278 below market
    • 76,470 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Southeast Auto (140 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 140 miles away from Jackson, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E2C58GG548328
    Stock: P4229
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $17,999
    good price
    $1,934 below market
    • 94,079 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Five Brothers Auto Sales (359 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 359 miles away from Jackson, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7E2C51GG547439
    Stock: 547439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 7,865 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell BMW of Grapevine (401 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 401 miles away from Jackson, MS

    BMW of Grapevine proudly offers this 2024 BMW 740i Rear Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This well...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23EH06RCR41561
    Stock: 5261612
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $27,718
    fair price
    $63 above market
    • 58,148 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Limbaugh Toyota (209 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 209 miles away from Jackson, MS

    Recent Arrival! 2018 BMW 7 Series 750i xDrive Silver *NAVIGATION SYSTEM*, *AWD*, UPGRADED STEREO, HEATED & COOLED LEATHER SEATS, *BLUETOOTH*, *BACK-UP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F2C56JG424434
    Stock: 2712
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-28-2024

  • Stock photo**
    $27,999
    fair price
    $625 above market
    • 92,111 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CARXOOM (346 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 346 miles away from Jackson, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA7F0C54JGM22881
    Stock: M22881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

    • 9,790 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell BMW of Grapevine (401 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 401 miles away from Jackson, MS

    BMW of Grapevine proudly offers this 2024 BMW 740i Rear Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This well...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23EH0XRCP72421
    Stock: 5362823
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

Showing 337 - 357 out of 611 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 7 Series

Read recent reviews for the BMW 7 Series
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars33 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 33 reviews
  • 5 star
    (88%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Hot, big, powerful, fun car

Alan, 02/26/2019
2019 BMW 7 Series 750i 4dr Sedan (4.4L 8cyl Turbo 8A)
This is my second BMW 750i. The previous model was a 2015 and my current model is a 2018 with the M design package. All black exterior with zero chrome and brown interior - what's not to like! Both cars have been completely reliable and the local dealer's service is outstanding. This seems to be the general culture of BMW dealers. I also have a 2017 Range Rover and I sometimes have to … wait for weeks for a service appointment and the cost of servicing that car is horrendous. So far as my Beemer is concerned - Pros: fantastic power from the V8 twin turbo engine. The handling has various settings. I have seen reviews where it is mentioned that the car lacks the road feel of the older models. The answer to this is to switch to Sports Mode and the ride becomes harder and the car feels like it is rocket-powered. What more would you need in a large, superbly appointed sedan? Cons: I can't really think of any, although my wife complains that the front should have more cubby holes and storage. My 2015 car had the regular wheelbase and the 2018 is the long one. There is so much space in the back that guests and friends often mention that they feel they are traveling in a limo. The front also has plenty of space and comfort and the material quality is outstanding. The car has tons of user technology, but after the first couple of weeks, I really only use the basics - climate, comfort/sport settings and audio. My 2015 model had electric blinds on the rear and rear-side windows, which were outstanding for here in S. Florida. My current model only has the rear blind and I feel that for this kind of money, the sides should be standard too. I will probably go for another 750i next time, but will also check out the Mercedes S Class, like I did last time.
Report abuse

Used 2024 BMW 7 Series in Jackson, MS Values

Estimated values
2024 BMW 7 Series 740i 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$58,373$61,202$64,618
Clean$57,770$60,441$63,680
Average$56,765$59,173$62,117
Rough$55,459$57,525$60,086

The average list price of a used 2024 BMW 7 Series in Jackson, Mississippi is $50,227. The average mileage on a used BMW 7 Series 2024 for sale in Jackson, Mississippi is 48,582. Based on the average mileage of 48,582 for used 2024 BMW 7 Series for sale in Jackson, MS and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 7 Series 2024 in Jackson, Mississippi to be $56,765.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.