Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
4,053 listings
  • New Listing
    $28,100
    fair price
    $546 above market
    • 42,960 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Haley Chevrolet (492 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Farmville, VA / 492 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALYEG5PL246771
    Stock: FP3768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,373
    fair price
    $203 above market
    • 100,548 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Downtown Ford (444 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charleston, WV / 444 miles away from Columbus, GA

    TOP OF THE LINE, TOP OF THE CLASS WITH THE DENALI HERE AT DOWNTOWN FORDDrive in comfort and confidence with this 2015 GMC Terrain Denali. Featuring ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKALUEK0F6418687
    Stock: CP4743A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,899
    fair price
    $193 above market
    • 37,730 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Legacy Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (315 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Florence, SC / 315 miles away from Columbus, GA

    24/29 City/Highway MPG 2 USB Data Ports, 2 USB Data Ports w/SD Card Reader, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, 6-Speaker Audio System Feature, 6-Way Pow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALPEG6PL263962
    Stock: 11687
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $14,599
    fair price
    $273 above market
    • 103,324 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax Norcross (107 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 107 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKFLSE31F6203290
    Stock: 27249863
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $21,892
    fair price
    $631 above market
    • 66,895 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mossy Motors (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in New Orleans, LA / 357 miles away from Columbus, GA

    COME TO THE ONLY MID CITY DEALER WITH OVER 80 YEARS OF SALES AND SERVICE FOR THE NEW ORLEANS COMMUNITY!CARFAX One-Owner. Marine Metallic 1.5L DOHC 202...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALVEG4PL197514
    Stock: PR6077
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 5,896 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Connection Used Trucks & Cars (352 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Junction City, KY / 352 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Visit Auto Connection Used Trucks & Cars online at autoconnectionkentucky.com to see more pictures of this vehicle, call or text us at 8**-8**-0*** t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALPEG7PL230436
    Stock: 230436
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,999
    fair price
    $33 below market
    • 48,127 miles
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mississippi Auto Direct (391 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Natchez, MS / 391 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALPEG2PL150381
    Stock: J7641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,990
    fair price
    $282 above market
    • 55,196 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • David Scott Lee Buick GMC (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Crestview, FL / 159 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Summit White 2023 GMC Terrain SLE 1.5L DOHC AWD UNLIMITED MILE LIFETIME WARRANTY!!!, **GM Certified Pre-Owned**, **Factory Warranty**, **Clean Carfax*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALTEG4PL237921
    Stock: P4109
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,880
    fair price
    $357 above market
    • 15,605 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Hobson Chevrolet (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cairo, GA / 116 miles away from Columbus, GA

    VIA TAA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALTEG8PL269271
    Stock: 269271
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-24-2024

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $21,299
    good price
    $1,097 below market
    • 49,491 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Greensboro Acura (375 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 375 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2023 GMC Terrain SLT Summit White NEW LOWER PRICE, CLEAN CARFAX, NEW BRAKES, 2 USB Data Ports w/SD Card Reader, 6 Speakers, 6-Speaker Audio System Fea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALPEG4PL164833
    Stock: RPL164833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 5,065 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Rick Hendrick Chevrolet (281 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Charleston, SC / 281 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX 1-Owner, Excellent Condition, LOW MILES - 5,065! FUEL EFFICIENT 29 MPG Hwy/24 MPG City! iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Back-Up Camera, Turbo ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALMEG9PL226242
    Stock: P26242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $24,300
    fair price
    $816 below market
    • 42,375 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Valdosta Nissan (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Valdosta, GA / 144 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALYEG6PL247802
    Stock: AP10588
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 22,369 miles
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 732 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALMEG8PL259569
    Stock: 27165677
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,665
    fair price
    $333 above market
    • 45,252 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Doug Henry Chevrolet Buick GMC (466 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Farmville, NC / 466 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Doug Henry of Farmville believes in displaying an upfront low competitive price that is eligible for everyone in the general public. You qualify for t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALTEG0PL238032
    Stock: 7499
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $16,656
    fair price
    $189 below market
    • 70,684 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Bluff Road Auto Sales (243 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 243 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKALPEKXH6283691
    Stock: 18795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $18,998
    fair price
    $73 above market
    • 38,556 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Murfreesboro (252 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 252 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKALSEK6F6131584
    Stock: 26643721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $12,895
    fair price
    $519 above market
    • 117,880 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Unicar Enterprise (236 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lexington, SC / 236 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Drive in style with this 2017 GMC Terrain Denali, a premium compact SUV that offers both luxury and fuel efficiency! Powered by a 2.4L 4-cylinder engi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKALREK7H6145439
    Stock: 145439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • $30,800
    fair price
    $149 above market
    • 27,451 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Tim Short Hyundai (371 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Pikeville, KY / 371 miles away from Columbus, GA

    **TAKE THE SHORT DRIVE TO SATISFACTION**, AWD. Odometer is 1398 miles below market average! 24/28 City/Highway MPG AWD**TAKE THE SHORT DRIVE TO SATISF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALXEG0PL153697
    Stock: P7562A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $9,944
    fair price
    $352 above market
    • 163,252 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Gallatin Ford (284 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gallatin, TN / 284 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Thank you for stopping by our virtual showroom!This *2017 GMC Terrain SLT* offered in Onyx Black will make a great addition to your family or business...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2GKALPEK8H6291059
    Stock: F291059
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • 6,239 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Rice Buick GMC (242 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 242 miles away from Columbus, GA

    $1,063 off MSRP!Floor Liner Package (LPO) (Front & Rear All-Weather Floor Liners (LPO) and Integrated Cargo Liner (LPO)), Infotainment Package II (Pre...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALPEG5PL132344
    Stock: G23417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2024

  • New Listing
    • 26,335 miles
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Pharr, TX / 913 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GKALMEG6PL118676
    Stock: 27702019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 2,521 - 2,541 out of 4,053 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Terrain

Read recent reviews for the GMC Terrain
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
5 out of 5 stars

Compared to the CRV...

K squared, 03/23/2020
2020 GMC Terrain SLT 4dr SUV (1.5L 4cyl Turbo 9A)
I drive a CRV at work all day in all kinds of Phoenix metro traffic. It is OK but my 2020 Terrain has it beat overall in my opinion. The 2.0 turbo is zippy, and quiet. I drove a 2020 1.5L turbo up to Flagstaff and I would recommend the bigger engine, glad I bought it. The CRV and its CVT transmission is loud and annoying on the freeway. Hard to keep a consistent speed on the freeway … which drives me nuts. I notice the Terrain has a quieter cabin because I can hear people talk on the phone. I am 6’9 and would always like more legroom but the console of the CRV digs into my right leg, in the Terrain it does not. I am still getting used to no shifter but the extra room is nice. To me the only thing the CRV wins in the comparison is it gets really good gas mileage & it has never been in the shop for a repair in 88,000 miles (1 1/2 years). I hope the Terrain is comparable in that area! Not sure I agree with all the CRV hype and the experts ragging on the Terrain. I like the look of the Terrain and 18/19/20’s look WAY better than its boxy predecessor.
Report abuse

Used 2023 GMC Terrain in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2023 GMC Terrain AT4 4dr SUV AWD (1.5L 4cyl Turbo 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,348$22,687$24,198
Clean$21,080$22,379$23,844
Average$20,634$21,865$23,254
Rough$20,055$21,198$22,487

The average list price of a used 2023 GMC Terrain in Columbus, Georgia is $22,468. The average mileage on a used GMC Terrain 2023 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 51,963. Based on the average mileage of 51,963 for used 2023 GMC Terrain for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used GMC Terrain 2023 in Columbus, Georgia to be $20,634.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.