Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,306 listings
  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $24,161
    fair price
    $395 above market
    • 87,298 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Tampa (36 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 36 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNEVKKW6KJ141132
    Stock: CMTL242834A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $24,999
    fair price
    $866 above market
    • 59,162 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales Sanford (114 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 114 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERGKW6MJ198600
    Stock: 8GHGRG
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,788
    fair price
    $295 above market
    • 52,306 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bomnin Chevrolet West Kendall (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 179 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 3578 miles below market average! 2021 Chevrolet Traverse LT in Cajun Red Tintcoat vehi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERGKW5MJ112712
    Stock: R365917B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    • 73,123 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ocala DriveTime (118 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ocala, FL / 118 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERGKWXMJ136259
    Stock: 1120244690
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 66,360 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • AE Of Miami (176 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 176 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Wheelchair Drivable | Adaptive Vehicle | Salvage Title |Cash onlyThis fully loaded 2021 Chevrolet Traverse RS Sport is professionally adapted for whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERJKW3MJ188636
    Stock: 188636
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,788
    fair price
    $744 above market
    • 47,477 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bomnin Chevrolet West Kendall (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 179 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 6097 miles below market average! 2021 Chevrolet Traverse LT in Mosaic Black Metallic v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERGKWXMJ267143
    Stock: 1158324B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,497
    fair price
    $906 above market
    • 50,532 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Chevrolet West Colonial (96 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 96 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    3rd Row SeatAudio System; Chevrolet Infotainment 3 SystemEmissions; Federal RequirementsEngine; 3.6L V6; Sidi; VvtJet Black; Premium Cloth Seat Tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW0MJ244559
    Stock: MJ244559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 95,555 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • North Miami Mitsubishi (172 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Miami Gardens, FL / 172 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    2021 Chevrolet Traverse LS Mosaic Black Metallic 4D Sport Utility 3.6L V6 SIDI VVTBack-up camera, Keyless start, 3rd row seats: split-bench, Apple C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW6MJ135703
    Stock: 135703T01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • $17,988
    fair price
    $707 above market
    • 82,998 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ferman Chevrolet of Brandon (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 33 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Well Maintained.2019 Chevrolet Traverse LS 3.49 Axle Ratio, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, 8-Passenger Seating (2-3-3 Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW7KJ232583
    Stock: C252560C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 95,430 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ferman Chevrolet of Brandon (33 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 33 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Clean CARFAX. Well Maintained.2019 Chevrolet Traverse LS 1st & 2nd Row All-Weather Floor Mats, 3.49 Axle Ratio, 3rd Row All-Weather Floor Mats, 3rd ro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW0KJ277722
    Stock: C252825A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 135,800 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Starling Chevrolet GMC (89 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Saint Cloud, FL / 89 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    2019 Chevrolet Traverse LS ONE OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX, 3RD ROW SEATING, ALLOY WHEELS, BACKUP CAMERA, PREMIUM AUDIO, Bluetooth, Power Package, Apple CarPl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW4KJ186839
    Stock: 186839T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 125,879 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Dadeland (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 179 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Summit White 2021 Chevrolet Traverse LS 18/27 City/Highway MPG Awards: * 2021 II...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW7MJ148248
    Stock: R268385A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,700 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Tampa (34 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 34 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKWXKJ137175
    Stock: 2003695679
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $22,653
    fair price
    $983 above market
    • 73,788 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Rivard Buick GMC (33 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 33 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERKKWXKJ189222
    Stock: S3745A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 40 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Ferman Chevrolet of Brandon (33 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 33 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERKKW1KJ164337
    Stock: C194759S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 85,858 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Lakeland DriveTime (48 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 48 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW7MJ202597
    Stock: 1060213770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

    • 53,604 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Dadeland (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 179 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 12002 miles below market average! Silver Ice Metallic 2021 Chevrolet...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERFKW0MJ125927
    Stock: J222432A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

    • 115,175 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Napleton Northlake Kia (150 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Palm Beach Gardens, FL / 150 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    2019 Chevrolet Traverse 3LT Beautifully finished in Summit White with Black Leather interior. 3.6L V6 SIDI VVT 4D Sport Utility FWD 9-Speed Automatic ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERHKW5KJ186926
    Stock: KTSI186926
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 57,576 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Rick Case Hyundai (159 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Davie, FL / 159 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Clean CARFAX. 10 year or 100,000 mile Powertrain Warranty, Bluetooth Hands Free, Back Up Camera. Mosaic Black Metallic 2021 Chevrolet Traverse LT 1LT ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERGKWXMJ128338
    Stock: TMJ128338
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 132,380 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Okeechobee DriveTime (152 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 152 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNERKKWXKJ143471
    Stock: 1120245313
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 124,776 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Nissan of St Augustine (177 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint Augustine, FL / 177 miles away from Bradenton, FL

    Nissan of St Augustine is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2021 Chevrolet Traverse LT Leather is loaded wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNEVHKW7MJ255775
    Stock: DMJ255775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 1,306 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Traverse

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Traverse
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (13%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

From a Lincoln to a Chevy

Raymond Stewart, 11/15/2019
2020 Chevrolet Traverse LT Cloth 4dr SUV (3.6L 6cyl 9A)
If you have heard the rumor that Lincolns are a very smooth ride, with decent mileage and pretty good on service, you heard right. What you also need to know is that the Chevy Traverse is, in my opinion & experience, as comparable in the ride & the service, with one distinction, much affordable than the Lincoln!
Report abuse

Used 2019 Chevrolet Traverse in Bradenton, FL Values

Estimated values
2019 Chevrolet Traverse Premier 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,959$23,681$26,100
Clean$20,321$22,953$25,290
Average$19,256$21,740$23,942
Rough$17,873$20,163$22,188

The average list price of a used 2019 Chevrolet Traverse in Bradenton, Florida is $20,470. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Traverse 2019 for sale in Bradenton, Florida is 80,706. Based on the average mileage of 80,706 for used 2019 Chevrolet Traverse for sale in Bradenton, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Traverse 2019 in Bradenton, Florida to be $19,256.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.